Substance Abuse

The goals of the online mental health program for Hispanic families are to prevent and reduce depressive and anxious symptoms, suicide ideation/behaviors, and drug use in Hispanic youth. The program is rated No Effects. The program did not have a statistically significant impact on past-90-day alcohol use and family functioning. The treatment group had a statistically significant reduction in past-90-day drug use, prescription drug use, and cigarette use, compared with the control group.

This program uses psycho–social and present-moment awareness techniques to target adolescents’ alcohol-related cognitions and prevent their alcohol use. The program is rated Promising. Adolescents who received the intervention had reduced growth of alcohol consumption, compared with adolescents in the control group. There were no statistically significant differences between the groups in both negative and positive alcohol expectancies and drinking refusal self-efficacy.

This involves prison time for individuals who have committed drunk-driving offenses to reduce their risk of recidivism upon their release. The program is rated No Effects. There was no statistically significant difference between individuals in the treatment group (who received prison time) and the comparison group (who received a suspended imprisonment sentence) on reoffending with a driving-while-under-the-influence-of-alcohol offense within 6 months’, 24 months’, or 5 years’ time.

The program focuses on the relationship between young adults and their parents to prevent substance misuse and other high-risk behaviors and enhance protective factors such as improving communication and strengthening familial relationships, encouraging healthy peer and romantic relationships, and promoting self-efficacy. The program is rated No Effects. It made no statistically significant impact on reducing the risk level for a problematic transition into young adulthood.

This is a prevention planning and implementation system designed to improve risk and protective factors, and reduce secretive problems, in military communities. The program is rated No Effects. There were no statistically significant differences between the bases assigned to NORTH STAR and the comparison bases on measures of physical or emotional interpersonal violence/partner abuse, physical or emotional child abuse, hazardous drinking, suicidality, or prescription drug misuse.

This program seeks to reduce the rearrests of individuals previously convicted of driving while under the influence (DUI) of alcohol or drugs through intensive testing and monitoring of drug and alcohol consumption. The program is rated Promising. There was a statistically significant decrease in the rates of DUI arrests by roughly 9 percent in counties that implemented the program, compared with counties that did not implement the program.

The goal of this exposure-based, integrative intervention was to reduce substance use and mental health problems in adolescents who have experienced trauma. The program is rated Promising. The program had a statistically significant impact on depressive and internalizing symptoms, family cohesion, and family conflict. There were mixed results for PTSD symptoms and substance use. There was no statistically significant impact on externalizing symptoms.

This is a one-to-one mentoring program aimed at improving public safety by assisting youths who commit offenses with comprehensive reentry services following their release into the community. The program is rated No Effects. There was no statistically significant difference between program and comparison group youths in prevalence of reoffense. Program youths had statistically significantly fewer official juvenile justice contacts within 1 year of release, compared with comparison group youth

This program was designed to reduce violence risk behaviors as well as PTSD and depressive symptoms by providing adolescents with a variety of services following a traumatic injury. The program is rated No Effects. There were no statistically significant differences between the intervention and control groups in substance use problems, or PTSD and depressive symptoms, though intervention group patients reported a statistically significant reduction in weapons carrying.

This was an automated telephony program designed for those recently paroled in Sweden that provided immediate feedback to participants and sent daily reports to their parole officers. The program is rated Promising. Treatment group participants reported statistically significantly less alcohol use, drug use, and internalizing behaviors at the 1-month follow-up, compared with control group participants.

This intervention involves individuals under any form of supervision after release from incarceration in the state of Florida, with the goal of reducing their risks of recidivism. The program is rated Promising. There were statistically significant decreases in rearrest and reconviction rates for individuals under supervision, compared with those who did not receive supervision, at the 3-year follow-up.

This is a drug court program that provides treatment services to women on probation to reduce their risk of reoffending. The program gives preference to women who have higher need and risk profiles, are mothers, and have substance use problems. The program is rated Promising. Women in the treatment group were statistically significantly less likely to have a new conviction, compared with similar women on probation who did not participate in the program, at the 2-year follow-up.

This is a prosecutor-led pretrial diversion program to rehabilitate individuals convicted of misdemeanor or felony offenses who are at medium risk of reoffending. The program is rated No Effects. There were statistically significant reductions in cases dismissed for treatment group individuals, compared with control group individuals. However, there were no statistically significant differences in the 2-year rearrest rate or days to first rearrest.

This is an alternative-to-incarceration program designed to respond swiftly with sanctions to probation violations of those at high-risk of re-offending. The overall goal is to reduce participants’ recidivism rates. The program is rated Promising. Participants had statistically significant reduction in recidivism rates (overall, misdemeanor, felony, property, drug/alcohol, and other) compared with the comparison group, but there was no statistically significant effects on violent recidivism.

This is a client-centered counseling approach implemented as a job-training intervention for parole officers in Colorado. The intervention seeks to enhance parole officers’ communication skills to promote motivation for change and reduce recidivism among supervised people on probation. The program is rated Promising. People on probation in the intervention group showed a statistically significant reduction in recidivism outcomes, compared with people on probation in the comparison group.

This was a program for college women who engaged in heavy episodic drinking to provide feedback on their risk perception and resistance to reduce sexual assault. The program is rated No Effects. Program participants did not statistically significantly differ from those in the control group on measures of incapacitated attempted/completed rape frequency, alcohol-related sexual assault incidents/severity, or use of sexual assault protective behavioral strategies at the 3-month follow-up.

This is an enhanced day reporting center designed to reduce the risk of recidivism in people on probation with mental illnesses. It provides services such as substance abuse treatment and crisis intervention. The program is rated Promising. Treatment group individuals had a statistically significantly lower risk of conviction for any offense, compared with control group participants on standard probation. However, there was no statistically significant effect on the risk of conviction for a felo

This is a group-based learning approach that seeks to enhance peer relations by increasing opportunities for positive social integration between adolescents. The program is rated Promising. Students in intervention schools reported they were less willing to use alcohol, had fewer deviant peer affiliations, lower perceived student stress and emotional problems, and had higher academic engagement, compared with students in control schools. These differences were statistically significant.

This is a program that uses an interdisciplinary team to address factors contributing to clients’ contact with the court. The program is rated Promising. Participants experienced a reduction in average sentence length and were more likely to be released on recognizance, compared with those who received traditional legal services. These differences were statistically significant. However, there was no statistically significant impact on conviction or on future arrest rates.

This intervention seeks to increase staff ID checks for the sale of alcoholic beverages at licensed establishments, to help prevent sales to minors. The program is rated Effective. The results were mixed. One study found there was a statistically significant increase in age verification rates resulting from the intervention, whereas a second study found no statistically significant increases in ID-checking rates. Overall, the results suggest the intervention influenced ID-checking rates.

This program comprises legislation that was passed to reduce alcohol-related crash fatalities by lowering the blood alcohol concentration limit for adult drivers from 0.10 to 0.08. The program is rated No Effects. There was a statistically significant reduction in passenger fatalities per crash after the implementation of the legislation; however, there were no statistically significant impacts on driver fatalities per crash or total fatalities per crash.

This program seeks to help parents become facilitators in preventing children’s substance misuse, by encouraging them to have five or more family meals together weekly. The program is rated Promising. Intervention group parents showed a statistically significant increase in talking with children about alcohol, compared with control group parents, but there were no statistically significant differences in number of family meals per week and talking with children about marijuana and other drugs.

This is a program for moderate- and high-risk males accused of assaulting their intimate partners. The program is rated Promising. Compared with the comparison group, program participants had a statistically significant lower likelihood of being charged with any new domestic, property, or administrative offense and of having contact with the police. There was no statistically significant difference between groups on likelihood of being charged with a new violent offense.

This was a modified focused deterrence program that targeted high-risk persons in Massachusetts. The program aimed to increase their risks of getting caught and convicted while providing them with regular meetings with a case management team and a variety of services such as substance abuse treatment. The program is rated No Effects. There were no statistically significant differences between the treatment group and the control group in time-to-arraignment at the 1-year follow-up.

This is a community-based program for adult males who received substance abuse treatment while incarcerated and are reentering the community. The goals are to reduce recidivism, substance abuse, and HIV/hepatitis infection rates, and promote fatherhood and relationship skills. This program is rated Promising. Program participants had a statistically significant lower likelihood of recidivating and demonstrated an increase in relationship skills, compared with the comparison group members.

This is a therapeutic program that used meditation to improve mental health outcomes for female survivors of interpersonal violence with co-occurring disorders. The program is rated Promising. Women in the treatment group who participated in the meditation curriculum had a statistically significant fewer number of mental health and trauma symptoms, and a higher level of reliable change in mental health and trauma symptoms, compared with women in the control group who received services as usual.

This program is a dating abuse intervention for youth, ages 15-19, which uses motivational interviewing with the goal of changing self-reported dating abuse perpetration. The program is rated No Effects. There were no statistically significant differences found between the intervention and control groups in any self-reported dating abuse perpetration, including physical, sexual, psychological, and cyber abuse, at the 6-month follow up.

This program assessed the impact of a nonmanualized family-based treatment approach for adolescent behavior problems. The program is rated No Effects. Results indicated that the treatment group experienced statistically significant reductions in adolescent-reported externalizing and internalizing behaviors. However, there were no statistically significant differences between groups in caregiver-reported externalizing and internalizing behaviors or in adolescent-reported alcohol or drug use.

This is a reentry program designed to assist parolees transition from life in prison to life in the community. The program is rated Promising. The treatment group had statistically significant reductions in rates of reconvictions and parole revocations, increases in numbers of months employed, and a greater likelihood of receiving a high school diploma or GED, compared with the control group. However, there were no statistically significant differences in rate of rearrests or substance use.

This adapted version of Functional Family Therapy is designed to improve functioning for child welfare-involved families. This program is rated Promising. Treatment families showed a statistically significant greater likelihood of achieving all treatment goals and a lower likelihood of being referred to another program at case closing, compared with control families. However, there were no statistically significant differences between groups in out-of-home placements.

This program is designed to assist incarcerated male veterans of the U.S. military by providing them with in-custody treatment, services, and linkage to rehabilitative programming and community resources and reduce their chances of recidivism. The program is rated Promising. Results showed a statistically significant reduction in recidivism for program participants during the 12-month follow-up period, compared with the comparison group.

This is a short-term, family-based program, which is designed to reduce out-of-home placements for juvenile justice-involved youth. The program is rated Promising. Youth who received Family Centered Treatment were less likely to experience future conviction or incarceration in either the juvenile or adult justice systems, compared with youth who were placed in a group home.

This is a mindfulness-based yoga program intended to reduce substance use (and the subsequent negative effects of use) for adolescents at high risk of dropping out of school. The program is rated No Effects. There were no statistically significant differences in measures of substance use, self-regulation, mood, mindfulness, or coping skills for youth who participated in the program, compared with the control group youth.

The program is designed to improve family functioning and enhance youth development by targeting parents’ relationships and parenting skills. The program is rated Effective. For the intervention group, there were statistically significant increases in levels of parental monitoring and positive self-concept, as well as statistically significant decreases in conduct problems and substance use initiation. There were no significant effects for racial pride socialization.

This program is a cognitive-behavioral, trauma-informed group therapy program for active-duty or former military personnel who have engaged in recent physical intimate partner violence (IPV). The program is rated Promising. There were statistically significant reductions in physical and psychological IPV for the SAH-M treatment group, compared with the control group.

This program is a prison-based therapeutic community for drug-involved individuals. The program is rated Promising. After 3 years, results showed statistically significant increases in remaining drug-free; however, there were no statistically significant effects in being arrest-free.

This is a residential work-release program that uses therapy, counseling and treatment for persons convicted of a crime with a history of substance use who are reentering society. The program is rated Promising. There were statistically significant increases in participants being injection-free at 6 months and being drug-free after 3 years; however, there were no statistically significant effects in condom use (at 6 months) or being arrest-free (after 3 years).

This is a program designed to reduce recidivism and improve employment rates through reentry services for individuals who have a moderate-to-high risk for reoffending. The program is rated No Effects. At the 30-month follow up, there were no statistically significant differences in rearrest, reconviction, reincarceration, or employment rates between program participants and control group members.

This is a prosecutor-led diversion program for nonviolent defendants, which is designed to decrease the number of convictions and reduce recidivism while improving administrative efficiency and cost effectiveness. The program is rated No Effects. The program had a statistically significant effect on reducing the likelihood of conviction, but there was no statistically significant effect on recidivism for program participants, compared with comparison participants.

This is a home-visiting program for youth on probation who are considered at high risk of recidivism. The program is rated No Effects. Compared with the treatment group, the control group was more likely to have completed probation, less likely to have probation revoked due to a technical violation, and committed fewer new crimes during probation; however, they recidivated sooner. There were no differences in the probation revocations due to severity of a new crime.

This program uses motivational interviewing in primary care settings for adolescents at-risk for substance use. This program is rated No Effects. Results suggest there were no statistically significant differences in alcohol or marijuana use between adolescents who participated in the program and those who did not; however, there was a statistically significant reduction in perceived peer use of alcohol and marijuana for program participants, compared with the control group.

This program consists of a single-session, group-delivered intervention for high school and college students, which is designed to alter alcohol expectancies and lower alcohol use. The program is rated Promising. The program was shown to have a statistically significant effect on modifying alcohol expectancy processes and reducing alcohol consumption in college students; however, there was no statistically significant impact on high school students.

This is a focused deterrence intervention that uses a data-driven approach to reduce shootings in Chicago, IL by identifying persons who are responsible for a disproportionate share of shootings and delivering a “don’t shoot” message. The program is rated No Effects. The preponderance of the evidence suggests that the strategy had no impact on shooting behaviors in the year after the call-ins, but did have a statistically significant impact on the time until a shooting incident occurred.

This intervention was designed to increase the level of judicial oversight on participants convicted of misdemeanor crimes in the Parramatta Drug Court program. The program was rated Promising. Results indicated that participants under intensive judicial supervision had lower rates of positive drug tests, compared with the comparison group. This difference was statistically significant. However, there were no statistically significant differences in sanctions, program progression or termination.

This is a mentoring program for youth who show low levels of antisocial behavior. This program was rated Promising. Youth in the program had statistically significant improvements in offending behavior, antisocial behavior, negative affect, association with antisocial peers, emotional well-being, and involvement in education or employment, compared with youth in the control group, but not in volume of offending behavior, use of alcohol or drugs, impulsivity, or aspirations for the future.

This was a mindfulness education and substance abuse prevention program for fourth- and fifth-grade students, which was designed to build self-regulatory skills and reduce intentions to use alcohol or tobacco. This program was rated Promising. There were statistically significant increases in measures of executive functioning, social problems, and aggression. There were no statistically significant effects on attention problems and intentions to use substances.

This brief, cognitive behavioral, motivational intervention was designed to address alcohol and other drug use as well as aggressive behaviors among English- and Spanish-speaking adolescents who were already involved in drugs and aggressive behavior. This program is rated No Effects. The study found no statistically significant differences in measures of substance use and aggressive behaviors between adolescents in the treatment group, compared with adolescents receiving standard care.

This is a group, motivational interviewing program for adolescents with a first-time alcohol or drug offense. The goal of the program is to prevent negative consequences of alcohol and other drug use. This program is rated No Effects. There were no statistically significant differences between the intervention and comparison groups on past month frequency of alcohol, heavy drinking, or marijuana use; alcohol or marijuana consequences; recidivism; delinquency; and alcohol and other drug use.

This is an adult reentry program designed to reduce recidivism among high-risk males who were previously released from a state prison but returned to prison for violating conditions of their supervised release. The program is rated Promising. The program was shown to have a statistically significant effect on reducing revocation and reconviction; however, it did not have a statistically significant effect on reducing rearrests and reincarceration.

This is a program for parents who have substance abuse allegations and are involved in the child welfare system. The program is rated Effective. The study found that parent participants were more likely to have their children returned, more likely to experience a permanency-planning outcome, and less likely to have their parental rights terminated. Additionally, children of program participants spent less time in the child welfare system. These findings were statistically significant.

This is a school-based program that integrates a case-management framework for providing social support to truant youth. The goals of the program are to improve school attendance and renew progress toward graduation. This program is rated Promising. Students in the intervention group were more likely to have graduated and less likely to have dropped out than students in the comparison group.

This was an emotional- and behavioral-skills enhancement program targeted at adults who engaged in aggressive behavior with their partners. This group-format program aimed to promote psychological flexibility and thereby decrease aggression in participants. The program is rated Effective. Participants reported less physical and psychological aggression at post-treatment and at the 6-month follow up. These findings were statistically significant.

This was a program for chronic drug-using persons on probation that incorporated graduated sanctions with incentives to reduce recidivism and drug use among participants. The program is rated No Effects. Implemented in Delaware, the program was shown to have no impact on the successful completion of probation, on re-arrests, or on drug use.

This is a school-based, substance-use-prevention program for adolescent girls, which uses solution-focused brief therapy and community and peer mentorship. The program is rated Promising. Program participation was shown to have a statistically significant effect on lowering drug use, improving social competence, increasing knowledge surrounding drug use, and increasing negative attitudes toward drug use. The program had no statistically significant effect on grade point average or self-esteem.

This program provided gender-responsive services in two group homes for female youths who had been adjudicated in the delinquency (formal probation) or truancy divisions of juvenile court. The program is rated Promising. Results showed a statistically significant difference in that the girls who received gender-responsive services had lower recidivism rates after 2 years, compared with the comparison group.

These were community-based, substance abuse treatment programs for recently paroled, substance-dependent individuals. The primary aim of the programs was to treat participants’ substance abuse in the community while reducing their likelihood of reoffending. The program is rated Promising. Program participants were less likely to be convicted of a new crime, when compared with the community comparison group; this was a statistically significant difference.

This is a universal, school-based social-emotional learning program aimed at reducing violence and encouraging academic success among middle school students. The program is rated No Effects. While the program had a statistically significant impact on reducing physical aggression, there was no statistically significant impact on sexual-violence victimization and perpetration, peer victimization, bullying victimization and perpetration, cyberbullying, or homophobic name calling.

The program is targeted at individuals whose mental illnesses are seen as instrumental in their offenses, and who are likely to qualify for and benefit from publicly supported treatment in the community. The overall goal is to reduce recidivism . The program is rated Effective. Participants in the program were less likely to be convicted of any new offense and convicted of felony offenses, compared with the matched comparison group. The difference was statistically significant.

Implemented by the Georgia Board of Pardons and Paroles, this is a cognitive–behavioral program for male parolees that aims to build psychosocial skills in areas such as self-control, interpersonal problem-solving, and critical reasoning. The program is rated No Effects. The authors found no statistically significant effect of program participation on recidivism and employment measures.

This program was designed to assist justice-involved young adults (ages 18 to 22) in obtaining postrelease employment. It involved an integrated system of vocational training and reentry services to reduce the rate of rearrest after release. This program is rated No Effects. Results suggest there were no statistically significant differences in measures of recidivism and employment between young adults who participated in the program, compared with those who did not participate.

This program was designed to provide an alcohol intervention to incarcerated women with hazardous drinking habits who were being released from prison. The program is rated No Effects. There were no statistically significant differences between the treatment and comparison groups on the number of days abstinent from alcohol consumption at the 6-month follow up.

This was a reentry program in which individuals returning from prison were ordered by their parole or probation officers to participate in a 1-hour meeting within 90 days of their release. The meetings were meant to convey an intolerance for violence in the community and to allow the individuals to connect with service providers. The program is rated No Effects. The program was shown to have no statistically significant effects on the likelihood of rearrest and the time to rearrest.

This program involves social support integrated with regular drug testing for recently paroled individuals who have a history of heroin and cocaine abuse. The program is rated Promising. Program participants had a statistically significant lower rate of reconviction, arrest, and incarceration, compared with the comparison group; however, there were no statistically significant effects on employment. Program participants also had a statistically significant higher positive drug-testing rate.

This is a reentry program designed to reduce recidivism and increase reentry services for males, ages 13 to 18, who have committed offenses and are placed in a locked, residential treatment facility. The program is rated Promising. The program was shown to statistically significantly decrease recidivism rates among youths who participated in the program, compared with youths who received services as usual.

This program in Sweden involves the use of an ankle bracelet to determine the location of an individual who has been released following a short-term stay in prison. The overall goal is to reduce reoffending rates of participants. The program is rated Promising. Significantly fewer program participants were convicted of a new offense and sentenced to prison at the 3-year follow up, compared with control group participants.

This program involved collaborative sessions among a parole officer, treatment counselor, and the person on parole. The intervention provided parole officers with positive tools to manage the behavior of people on parole. The program aimed to reduce substance use, crime, and re-arrest among drug-involved people on parole. The program is rated No Effects. Results showed that the intervention did not significantly reduce re-arrest or overall drug use.

This program was designed to reduce relapse and criminal recidivism by providing comprehensive aftercare services to individuals convicted of felonies, with alcohol- and drug-related histories. The program is rated No Effects. There were no statistically significant program effects on rearrests, substance abuse relapse, or employment.

This was a residential treatment program that targeted individuals who committed multiple driving-under-the-influence (DUI) offenses. The program combined educational components with individualized treatment and therapy to address substance use. The program is rated Promising. The treatment group was statistically significantly less likely than the comparison group to be arrested for any new offense and specifically for a DUI offense, but not for committing an alcohol-related offense.

This intervention linked women who committed nonviolent offenses to community-based, substance use treatment after release from jail. It was designed to reduce recidivism and alcohol and drug use, and to promote long-term recovery. This program is rated No Effects. The treatment group had a statistically significant greater likelihood of participating in substance use treatment; however, there were no significant effects for recidivism, alcohol and drug use, or number of days spent in jail.

This program provides residential aftercare services for those with substance abuse issues who have completed the 6-month Quehanna (PA) Motivational Boot Camp Program. The program is rated No Effects. An examination of the impact of both 30- and 90-day aftercare programs found no statistically significant effects of treatment of either dosage on recidivism.

This program was designed to help hard-to-employ individuals acquire skills, habits, and credentials necessary to find and hold permanent, unsubsidized employment. The goal was to prepare individuals for regular employment, reduce unemployment, and reduce criminal behavior and substance use. The program is rated No Effects. There were no statistically significant differences on number of arrests and time to arrests between participants and nonparticipants.

This is a post-custody, community-based intervention for individuals with co-occurring mental illness and substance use disorders. The program is rated No Effects. While the program statistically significantly reduced the number of reconvictions and incarcerations, it did not impact the number of arrests, days in jail, felony convictions, or percent of reconvictions.

This is a treatment court dedicated to cases of child abuse and neglect, in which parental substance abuse is one of the primary reasons for child welfare involvement. The program provides parenting training in conjunction with substance abuse treatment to increase the likelihood of reunification. The program is rated Effective. Families who received services through the Family Drug Court were statistically significantly more likely to reunify than comparison families.

This was a two-phase reentry program with an overall goal of reducing recidivism and improving incarcerated persons’ transition into the community. Phase 1 provided incarcerated persons with in-jail programming and services to prepare them for release. Phase 2 provided them with up to 12 months of supportive services in the community. The program was rated Effective. Program participants had a 10 percent chance of rearrest, compared with a 34 percent chance for the comparison group.

This is a post-sentencing, driving-while-intoxicated (DWI) court intended to guide individuals identified as drug- or alcohol-addicted into treatment, which is designed to reduce criminal behavior and recidivism, enhance public safety, and enhance the well-being of program participants. This program is rated Promising. Results suggest that after 2 years, DWI court graduates and participants were statistically significantly less likely to be rearrested than non-DWI court participants.

This was a case management program implemented in seven different correctional institutions across Minnesota. The program connected caseworkers in prisons with supervision agents in the communities to which participants return upon release from prison. The program is rated Promising. It statistically significantly reduced recidivism as measured by rearrest, reconviction, technical violation revocation, and reincarceration for any reason, but had no impact on new offense reincarceration.

This in-school smoking prevention program was designed to spread and sustain norms of non-smoking behavior among 12–13 year olds, using influential peer opinion leaders. The program is rated No Effects. Youths who received the intervention did not differ statistically significantly from youths who did not receive the intervention in their odds of smoking in the last week, at 2 years post-intervention.

Using comprehensive assessments, the program identified, provided, and coordinated individualized services for high-risk, drug-involved, justice-involved juveniles. This program is rated Effective. Results suggest that JBTC participants were significantly less likely to recidivate and had statistically significantly fewer arrests, compared with non-JBTC participants. However, the impact on self-reported drug use was mixed.

This is a problem-solving court program that seeks to divert mentally ill adults who committed misdemeanor and felony offenses out of the justice system and into treatment to address their mental health issues and reduce their risk of recidivism. The program is rated No Effects. There was no statistically significant effect on rearrests or reconvictions for treatment group participants, compared with similar individuals with a mental disorder in jail, at the 30-month follow-up.

This is a community-based program that was designed to address substance abuse and antisocial behavior. The program is rated Promising. Students in the schools that implemented the PROSPER model had statistically significant fewer conduct problems and lower lifetime illicit substance use, compared with students in control schools. However, there were no statistically significant impacts on driving after drinking alcohol or frequency of drunkenness.

This was an early education intervention designed to improve cognitive and educational development among low-income children. The program is rated Promising. The treatment group showed a statistically significant greater likelihood of being enrolled in college and having held skilled employment, a lower likelihood of being a teen parent, and fewer depressive symptoms, compared with the control group. However, there were no statistically significant differences in incarceration or drug use.

This program is designed to reduce recidivism by placing released those convicted of offenses in halfway houses and community-based correctional facilities in Ohio, to provide a range of programming related to chemical dependency, education, employment, and family relationships. The program is rated Promising. Participants in the treatment group had a statistically significant lower number of new arrests and reincarcerations, compared with those in the comparison group, at the 2-year follow up.

This program represents an alternative to traditional processing in the juvenile justice system. Rather than going through court processing, youth with substance-abuse problems are placed in treatment. The goal is to reduce their use of drugs and criminal behavior. The program is rated Promising. At the 2-year follow up, program participants had fewer overall and drug-related rearrests, compared with a matched comparison group. These differences were statistically significant.

This program was a preventive intervention for first-grade students, which was designed to reduce substance use risk by improving teachers’ behavior-management skills and enhancing classroom curricula. The program is rated Promising. Overall, results were mixed. The treatment group showed a statistically significant lower likelihood of self-reporting initiation of tobacco use and other drugs, compared with the control group. The program had no statistically significant impact on alcohol, mariju

The program was a universal, preventive intervention for first-grade students, designed to reduce the risk for substance use by improving teachers’ and parents’ communication and behavior-management skills. The program is rated Promising. Approximately 6 to 7 years after the program, participants showed a statistically significant lower likelihood of having initiated tobacco use, compared with nonparticipants. The program had no impact on alcohol, marijuana, inhalant, or other drug use.

In this program, new supervision protocols for substance abuse, joblessness, and chronic violators were created based on data gathered on the behavior of the paroled person and parole officer responses. The program is rated No Effects. There was no significant impact on overall arrests or measures of recidivism. In fact, the treatment group had significantly more arrests for a new misdemeanor offense than the comparison group.

Formerly called the Dangerous Mentally Ill Offender Program, this is a reentry-planning and service program aimed at reducing recidivism for dangerously mentally ill people in Washington State. The program is rated Promising. Program participants had statistically significantly lower violent felony and overall felony recidivism rates compared with the matched control group 4 years following release from prison.

This program is an alternative to incarceration for felons with substance abuse problems. In lieu of confinement, they must successfully complete a residential, chemical-dependency treatment program in the community. The program is rated Promising. Residential DOSA was shown to statistically significantly reduce overall recidivism rates compared with prison-based DOSA.

The program is a problem-solving court that operate a specialized caseload for domestic violence-related cases only, and for which eligibility is determined on a case-by-case basis. Criminal domestic violence courts tend to be more common throughout the U.S. The program is rated No Effects. The criminal domestic violence courts in New York statistically significantly reduced case-processing time, but there was no statistically significant impact on recidivism.

This program was an experiment that was conducted to examine the efficacy of alternative methods of instant drug testing, and to determine how the different methods affected rates of relapse and recidivism of parolees with substance abuse issues. The program is rated Promising. The treatment group experienced a statistically significant decrease in rates of relapse, but no statistically significant difference in recidivism, compared with the control group.

This is a training program for juvenile justice probation/parole case managers (PCMs), to promote their use of evidence-based practices to identify the mental health and substance use needs of delinquent youth and increase youth’s access to services. The program is rated Promising. There were statistically significant reductions in re-referral and placement rates for youth whose PCMs received the enhanced training, compared with youth whose PCMs received the standard training or no training.

This is a manualized cognitive–behavioral intervention for incarcerated women with co-occurring posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance use disorders. The program is rated Promising. Evaluation results suggest that the program statistically significantly reduced PTSD and depression scores in program participants.

This is a voluntary afterschool program for middle school aged youths to inform them about substance use and prevent them from starting or continuing alcohol use. The program is rated No Effects. The program was shown to have a statistically significant effect on delaying the initiation of alcohol use, but not on other measures of past or future alcohol use.

This is an interactive gender-responsive program designed to treat drug-addicted convicted females in a drug court setting. The program intends to specifically address the needs of female addicts and treat symptoms identified as distinct to female pathways to criminality and drug involvement. This program is rated No Effects. There were no statistically significant differences between the treatment and control groups in arrests or drug use, at the 18-month follow up.

A crime focused initiative, designed to address gang-related gun homicides in selected cities. The initiative involved a comprehensive model of suppression (enforcement), prevention, and reentry. The program is rated Promising. There was a significant reduction in gun homicides related to gang crime in cities that implemented the initiative.

This program consisted of a comprehensive, neighborhood-based, family-focused service delivery model that employed wraparound services and case management for justice-involved families with identified substance abuse problems. The program is rated Promising. Treatment group youth had a statistically significant decrease in noninstitutional and institutional out-of-home placements, compared with comparison group youth. However, there was no statistically significant difference in recidivism.

This is a school-based intervention involving administrators, teachers, staff, and parents that aims to improve relationships and school climate to enhance student achievement. The program is rated Promising. Students in treatment schools reported statistically significant reductions in the frequency of angry feelings and acting out, and greater disapproval of misbehavior, compared with students in control schools. There were no statistically significant differences in substance use.

This is a family-centered intervention designed to assist families with high-risk adolescents. The goal is to reduce the growth of adolescents’ problem behaviors and substance abuse. The program is rated Promising. Participants showed statistically significantly less growth of antisocial behavior and in alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use compared with the control group. Participants also had stable GPAs from the start of middle school into high school and fewer school absences.

The program is a preventative, family-based intervention targeting families with young children who possess risk factors for child behavioral misconduct. The program is rated Promising. Evaluation results showed that the children of families who participated in the intervention demonstrated statistically significantly reduced problem and externalizing behaviors, compared with children of families in the control group.

An intensive community-based partnership between police and treatment providers in West Midlands that provided enhanced delivery and coordinated efforts and resources to high-risk individuals to reduce their offending behavior. The program is rated Promising. The program was shown to significantly reduce the average number of arrests for participants.

This program incorporates contingency management protocols and multisystemic therapy into traditional juvenile drug court services to provide juveniles and families with additional engagement opportunities and support to reduce recidivism and substance abuse. The program is rated Promising. The program statistically significantly reduced alcohol and poly drug use, positive drug urine screens, status offenses, and property offenses. The program had mixed effects on marijuana use and offenses.

This program was designed to provide adult support to suicidal youth following psychiatric care. The program is rated Promising. Program participants showed statistically significant improvements on mortality, suicide and drug-related deaths, outpatient psychotherapy sessions, medication follow-up sessions, and outpatient drug or alcohol treatment but not on suicidal ideation, suicide, depression, negative attitudes about the future, functional impairment, or inpatient drug or alcohol treatment.

This is a juvenile drug court designed to reduce alcohol and other drug and delinquency offenses through an accountability framework. The program is rated Promising. Treatment group participants were statistically significantly less likely to recidivate in delinquency/criminal offenses, compared with the comparison group participants. However, there was no statistically significant effect on alcohol and other drug recidivism.

This is a home-based, family preservation model for families in crisis because a youth has run away from home. The model targets 12- to 17-year-olds who are staying in a runaway shelter and dealing with substance abuse issues. The program is rated Promising. Treatment group adolescents reported a statistically significant reduction in the percentage of days they used alcohol or drugs, compared with control group adolescents who received services as usual, at the 15-month follow up.

A culturally focused, gender-specific program that provides young females, primarily Mexican American, alternatives to substance abuse and gang involvement. The program is rated Promising. The program significantly reduced self-reports of damaging property; stealing more than $50; and buying, selling, or holding stolen goods. However, it had no impact on self-esteem, grades in school, concealing of weapons, and stealing less than $50.

A prison-based drug treatment program based on the principles of therapeutic communities with the overall goal of reducing the risk of drug relapse and recidivism once they return to the community. The program is rated No Effects. The program did not significantly impact participants’ rates of rearrests or drug relapse, and only had a small effect on reincarceration rates.

An intensive residential program that provides training and services, including structured one-on-one mentoring, to at-risk youth (ages 16 to 18 years). This program is rated No Effects. The program had a statistically significant, positive impact on employment and GED attainment among participating youth as compared with control group youth. However, the program had no effect on youths’ frequency of arrests, marijuana or other illegal drug use, delinquent behavior, or psychological distress.

This was a multicomponent intervention to prevent delinquency and substance misuse for girls in foster care transitioning from elementary school to middle school. The program is rated Promising. Treatment group girls reported statistically significantly reduced tobacco use, marijuana use, and delinquent behavior, compared with control group girls. However, there was no statistically significant impact on alcohol use or association with delinquent peers.

This is a school-based intervention to improve the social-emotional and behavioral skills of young children at risk for mental health disorders and substance abuse. This program is rated Promising. The program had a statistically significant, positive effect on children’s task orientation, behavior control, assertiveness, and peer social skills. The program was also associated with a statistically significant decline in the average number of suspensions and office disciplinary referrals.

This is a preventive intervention intended to reunite children returning home to their parents after their first stay in foster care. The program is rated No Effects. The preponderance of evidence suggests that the program does not have a statistically significant impact on parent encouragement, problem behaviors or foster care reentry.

This is a family-centered intervention designed to deter alcohol and substance use and reduce risk-taking behaviors of youth. The program is rated Effective. Treatment group participants reported statistically significantly greater reduction in risk behaviors and greater reduced impact of life stress on risk behaviors, compared with comparison group participants. However, there was no statistically significant impact on alcohol use, substance use, or cognitive susceptibility.

This is a culturally-based intervention targeting substance abuse among Native American adolescents. The program was designed for students who were part of the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians, the eighth largest tribe in Oklahoma. The program is rated Promising. The program was statistically significantly more effective in reducing substance abuse and other related problem behaviors compared with other nonculturally, standard substance abuse education programs.

This is a diversion program for 16- and 17-year-old defendants in the New York state adult criminal justice system. The program is rated Promising. Similar rates of recidivism were found for participants and comparison group members, which suggests that diverting older adolescents does not increase the risk of recidivism and risk to the public.

The Kansas State Senate Bill established a program that provided mandatory community-based drug treatment for nonviolent persons convicted of a preliminary offense for drug possession. The program is rated No Effects. There were no statistically significant differences at the 18-month follow-up for reconviction or revocation between defendants who received mandatory drug treatment and the unmatched comparison group of defendants who were sentenced to standard community corrections.

This is a community-based prisoner reentry program that provides substance abuse treatment to medium-to high-risk individuals placed on 24-month community correctional supervision. The program is rated No Effects. The preponderance of evidence suggests that the program had no statistically significant effect on program participants in measures of rearrest, reincarceration, and relapse.

This program was designed to provide judicial monitoring of people convicted of domestic violence through frequent court appearances before a judge. The goal was to ensure compliance with program requirements and deter future violence and re-abuse of victims. The program is rated No Effects. There were no statistically significant differences between the intervention group and control group in rearrests, attendance at court-ordered programs, or completion of programs.

This is a voluntary, faith-based prisoner reentry program that attempts to prepare inmates for reintegration into the community, employment, family, and other significant relationships through programming. The program is rated Promising. There were statistically significant reductions in rearrest, reconviction, and reincarceration rates for the treatment group, compared with the comparison group. However, there was no statistically significant impact on revocations for a technical violation.

This is a school-based drug prevention program designed to reduce students’ intention to use alcohol, tobacco, and illegal drugs and promote prosocial attitudes, skills, and behaviors. The program is rated No Effects. There were mixed findings in students’ self-reported emotional competency skills, social and resistance skills, and perceptions of the harmful effects of drugs. There were also no statistically significant impacts on students’ attitudes toward drugs.

This is a supervision program for high-risk youths. The program is rated No Effects. Participants had a statistically significant decrease in the number of felony petitions, compared with the control group; however, there were no differences in petitions for new offenses, misdemeanor petitions, warrant status, days spent in custody, GPA, classes passed, classes failed, or number of days of school attended. There were also mixed findings on petitions for probation violations.

This is a prevention program targeted at middle school students, which is designed to reduce stressors by teaching coping and decision-making skills. The program is rated Promising. Students who participated in the intervention demonstrated a statistically significant greater level of coping skills to reduce stressors, compared with students who did not receive any intervention.

This is a school-based prevention program designed for high-risk students. The program is rated No Effects. There were no statistically significant differences between experimental group youth and control group youth in engagement in delinquency, alcohol use, smoking, GPA, anger, and school connectedness. There were also statistically significant negative program effects for experimental group youth in conventional peer bonding and peer high-risk behavior.

This program comprises a violence prevention curriculum, which is designed to assist youth in detention to overcome obstacles such as gangs, violence, crime, and substance abuse. The program is rated Effective. Treatment group youth who participated in the program had lower rates of recidivism and took a longer amount of time to recidivate, compared with control group youth, at the 1-year follow up. These differences were statistically significant.

This is a substance abuse intervention program for high-risk adolescents (ages 12–18) living in residential facilities. The program is rated Promising. Treatment group youth showed a statistically significant lower likelihood of reporting alcohol, marijuana, or overall alcohol and other drug (AOD) use in the previous 30 days, compared with comparison group youth.

This is a violence prevention program designed to reduce problem behaviors in African American male adolescents. The program is rated No Effects. There were no statistically significant differences between participants in the intervention and control groups in overall problem behaviors, violent behaviors, or risky behaviors.

This is a school-based tobacco cessation program for high school students, which incorporates motivational activities to discourage smoking. The program is rated Promising. Participants in the treatment groups had a statistically significant lower likelihood of reporting tobacco use in the past 30-days, compared with participants in the control group.

These court supervised, post-plea (but pre-final disposition) drug diversion programs provide comprehensive community-based treatment services to juveniles convicted of an offense and their families. The program is rated Promising. The program had a statistically significant impact on recidivism.

This is a health education curriculum that targets K–12 students and includes age-appropriate lessons that focus on the most serious health challenges facing school-aged children. The program is rated Promising. There was a statistically significant impact on aggressive behavior, social and emotional health, interpersonal and drug refusal skills, and past-30-day alcohol and cigarette use. However, there was no statistically significant effect on prosocial behavior.

This is an intergenerational mentoring initiative designed to delay or reduce substance use by increasing the resiliency and protective factors of at-risk middle school youth. The program is rated Promising. The treatment group showed statistically significant improvements in school attendance; reactions to situations involving drug use; and attitudes toward school, the future, and elders, compared with the control group; however, there were no effects on overall well-being or substance use.

This is a health promotion program designed to prevent alcohol use among at-risk middle and junior high school youth. The goal is to postpone alcohol use until adulthood. The program seeks to identify the various risk factors that youth are exposed to and offer them targeted information concerning underage alcohol use. The program is rated No Effects. There were no statistically significant effects on frequency of alcohol use, quantity of alcohol consumption, or heavy alcohol use.

This is a community-based program to reduce underage drinking and alcohol-related offenses. The program is rated Promising. Intervention sites reported statistically significant reductions in DUI and nighttime crashes, average drinking quantity and variance, police-reported assaults, and EMS calls involving assault and motor vehicle crashes, compared with control sites. There was no difference in ED assaults, police reports of public drunkenness, or EMS calls involving alcohol or other drugs.

This is an interactive journal designed to help incarcerated persons who have been screened or identified as having a potential substance use disorder to help inmates make the connection between their substance use and criminal activity. The program is rated Promising. The recidivism rate of inmates who participated in the program’s interactive journal intervention was statistically significantly lower compared with the control group.

This is an alcohol prevention program for adolescents (typically high school students) that combines peer support with group reward structures. The program is rated Effective. Treatment group participants demonstrated statistically significant improvements in drinking behaviors, impulsive behaviors, attitudes toward drinking and driving, and alcohol knowledge, compared with control group participants.

This is an intensive outpatient substance abuse treatment program designed for pregnant and postpartum women. The program is rated Promising. Treatment group mothers had newborns with statistically significant higher birth weights, longer gestational ages, and higher Apgar scores, compared with control group mothers. Their newborns also had a statistically significant lower likelihood of being admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit and having positive toxicology screens.

A national smoking prevention campaign that uses advertisements with anti-tobacco messages targeted at youths ages 12 to 17 who are most at risk of smoking. The program is rated Promising. The evaluation found a reduction in smoking prevalence and a decreased risk of smoking initiation among youth.

This is a school-based program designed to improve students’ school attitudes and reduce delinquency. The program is rated Promising. The program showed a statistically significant positive effect on participants’ attainment of higher rates of supportive behavior and spontaneous prosocial behavior, compared with students who did not participate. There were no statistically significant effects on negative behavior, harmoniousness, substance/alcohol use, property damage, theft, or victimization.

This is a curriculum-based program for adolescents that aims to change attitudes toward and reduce substance use. The program is rated Promising. Participants demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in alcohol, marijuana, cigarette, and overall drug use; an increase in negative attitudes toward alcohol and marijuana; and an increase in knowledge of drug use and health consequences. However, there was no statistically significant effect on chewing tobacco behaviors.

This is an alcohol misuse prevention curriculum for 10- to 18-year-olds that emphasized resistance training, knowledge of the immediate effects of alcohol use, identification of the risks of alcohol misuse, and recognition of social pressures that lead to alcohol misuse. The program is rated No Effects. There were no statistically significant effects found on alcohol use, alcohol misuse, serious offenses, or refusal skills.

This is a school-based program designed to teach students to cope with daily challenges. The program is rated Promising. Students who participated in this program showed a statistically significant improvement in number of coping skills, and in impulse control, peer popularity, and conflict resolution, compared with students who did not participate. However, there were no statistically significant differences in substance or alcohol use or in assertiveness with adults.

This is a juvenile court-based program designed to address the needs of people on probation who have emotional and behavioral disorders and the needs of their families. The approach is meant to be an integrated, seamless, coordinated system of care for children with mental health problems. The program is rated Promising. The intervention youth were statistically significantly less likely to recidivate, commit a felony offense or serve time in detention, compared with comparison youth.

This is a family-centered intervention, which addresses family dynamics to prevent substance use and problem behaviors in adolescents. The program is rated Effective. Students in the treatment group were found to report less substance use, including alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana; and demonstrate less antisocial behavior, compared with students in the control group. These differences were all statistically significant.

This is a program for athletes on the danger of addiction and long-term use of spit tobacco. The program is rated Promising. Two studies showed mixed findings. One found no statistically significant effect on spit tobacco initiation; the second found athletes in the intervention were less likely than control group athletes to begin use. One study found a statistically significant higher cessation rate for the intervention group; the other found no statistically significant effect on cessation.

This is a neighborhood-based, intensive case-management approach to prevent drug use and delinquency for high-risk adolescents living in distressed neighborhoods. The program is rated No Effects. While treatment group youths had statistically significant reductions in the frequency of total violence and drug sales, there were no statistically significant effects on delinquency, property or status offenses, arrests and tickets, truancy, and disciplinary incidents or suspensions.

This program seeks to reduce substance abuse and problem behavior in adolescents. The program is rated Promising. The intervention group had a statistically significant decrease in favorable attitudes toward substance use at the 24-month follow up and in drug use frequency at the 72-month follow up, compared with the comparison group. However, there were no statistically significant differences at the 24-month follow up in violent and delinquent behavior and perceived harm of drug use.

This is a comprehensive, multiyear program designed to reduce youth gang crime and violence. The program is rated Promising. The target area demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in calls for shots fired and gang-related incidents compared with the comparison area. However, there were no statistically significant impacts on calls for vandalism, incidents of serious violence, gang-related incidents of serious violence, or student attendance.

This program seeks to reduce substance use and problem behaviors of youths with substance use disorders. The program is rated Promising. Relative to treatment-as-usual youths, intervention youths showed a statistically significant reduction in the number of crimes committed (i.e., property and violent crimes), substance use problems, and delinquent behaviors. But there were no statistically significant differences in diagnoses of cannabis use disorder or externalizing and internalizing behaviors

This intervention provides integrated individual and family services to juveniles who have co-occurring mental health and chemical dependency disorders during their transition from incarceration back into the community. The program is rated Promising. Treatment group youth were at statistically significantly lower risk for felony recidivism, compared with control group youth. However, there was no impact on overall recidivism, violent felony recidivism, or misdemeanor recidivism.

This is an educational and job training program for economically disadvantaged youth. The program is rated Promising. Youth in Job Corps demonstrated a lower rate of future arrest, conviction, and incarceration, as well as a higher rate of employment, higher earnings, and longer time spent employed, compared with control group youth. These findings were statistically significant. However, there were no statistically significant differences in alcohol or illegal drug use.

This is a culturally sensitive tobacco- and alcohol-use prevention program adapted for migrant Hispanic adolescents. The program is rated No Effects. There were no statistically significant effects found between the treatment group and control group on past-30-day drinking, past-30-day smoking, susceptibility to drinking, and susceptibility to smoking.

This is a community program designed to reduce youth’s access to alcohol by changing community and law enforcement policies, attitudes, and practices. The program is rated No Effects. There were no statistically significant differences between treatment sites and control sites in youth’s drinking prevalence, number of past-month drinking occasions, number of drinks consumed, attempts to purchase alcohol, or in alcohol merchants’ behavior.

This program is designed to prevent substance use in American Indian adolescents by teaching them bicultural social skills. The program is rated Promising. Youth who participated in the program demonstrated lower rates in use of smokeless tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, and inhalants. Program youth also showed better knowledge of substances and alternatives to substance use, self-control, and assertiveness, compared with control group youth. These differences were statistically significant.

This is a school-based life skills training curriculum for middle-school students aimed at reducing drug and alcohol use. The program is rated No Effects. There were statistically significant effects on past-30-day marijuana use and on marijuana- and alcohol-refusal skills for treatment group students, compared with control group students, but no statistically significant impacts on past-30-day alcohol, cigarette, or other illicit substances use and in cigarette- and cocaine-refusal skills.

This is a family-based alcohol prevention program for families with middle school-aged children. The program is rated Promising. Students in the program reported fewer family fights; higher family cohesion, and school attachment; and more negative views on underage alcohol consumption, compared with control group students. Parents in the program reported greater opposition to underage alcohol consumption, compared with control group parents. These differences were statistically significant.

This program aims to reduce recidivism of high- and moderate-risk individuals on probation by assigning them to intensive supervision by an officer with a reduced caseload, and through the use of evidence-based practices. The program is rated Promising. Individuals who were supervised by probation officers with reduced caseloads were statistically significantly less likely to be rearrested for any crime after 2 years, compared with individuals supervised by officers with traditional caseloads.

This is a team-centered, health promotion program for female high school athletes. The program is rated Promising. Athletes who participated in the program had a statistically significant higher likelihood of reporting improved nutritional behaviors and decrease in lifetime alcohol and marijuana use, compared with control group athletes. However, findings regarding the use of diet pills were mixed, and there was no statistically significant impact on the use of athletic-enhancing substances.

This is a program that focuses on drug-involved individuals and aims to provide specialized substance abuse treatment services. The program is rated Promising. Participants in the treatment group were statistically significantly less likely to report drug use and criminal activity than participants in the comparison group. However, there was no statistically significant effect on incarceration, socioeconomic status, mental health, family support, or homelessness.

This is a media literacy and substance use prevention program intended for third- through fifth-grade students. The program is rated Promising. Intervention group students demonstrated less intention to use alcohol and tobacco in the future, better deconstruction skills, higher understanding of persuasive intent, and higher self-efficacy, compared with control group students. These differences were statistically significant.

This is a media literacy and substance use prevention program for sixth- through eighth-grade students. The program is rated Promising. Intervention group students reported less intention to use tobacco in the future, compared with control group students, at the 2-week follow up (a statistically significant difference). However, there were no statistically significant differences between the groups in intention to use alcohol in the future.

This is a school-based, universal substance abuse prevention program for middle school students. The program is rated No Effects. Intervention students self-reported greater use of alcohol and cigarettes and more binge drinking, compared with control group students, at the 5-year follow up. These differences were statistically significant. There were no statistically significant differences between groups in marijuana use.

This is a comprehensive program intended to promote an antidrug message throughout communities and prevent substance use among middle school students. The program is rated Effective. One study found that treatment group students had statistically significant lower past-month and past-week rates of cigarette use, compared with control group students. However, a second study found no statistically significant differences in smoking, alcohol, or marijuana use between groups.

This is a family-based intervention designed to prevent and treat youth behavior problems. The program is rated Promising. Intervention families showed a statistically significant greater likelihood of being engaged and retained in treatment, and intervention youth showed statistically significant greater improvement in conduct disorder and socialized aggression. There were no statistically significant differences in adolescent alcohol use or improved family functioning.

This is a school-based violence prevention and character education program designed to improve student behavior and minimize aggression. The program is rated Promising. The program had statistically significant positive effects on risk and protective factors related to student violence for students in grade 3. There were also statistically significant positive effects on factors related to alcohol, tobacco, drug use, and violence for students in grades 9 through 12.

This is a cognitive-based intervention for aggressive children and for their parents to increase the children’s competence, study skills, social skills, and self-control during the transition to middle school. The program is rated Promising. There were mixed results on self-reported delinquency, but treatment group children showed a statistically significant reduction in substance use and improvement in aggressive behavior, compared with control group children.

This is a training program for federal community supervision officers providing direct service to persons convicted of a crime who are under supervision. The goal is to improve one-on-one officer-client interactions to reduce risk and recidivism. The program is rated Promising. Clients in the experimental group had statistically significant lower failure rates than control group clients at the 12-month follow up; however, there were no statistically significant differences in failure rates at

This is a school-based program for seventh and eighth graders, which was designed to prevent substance use initiation and reduce future substance use. The program is rated No Effects. There were no statistically significant differences in alcohol use, marijuana use, or cigarette use between students who participated in the program and control group students.

This is an outdoor experiential prevention program for at-risk American Indian youth, which concentrates on American Indian cultural values to promote prosocial development and avoidance of alcohol and other drugs. The program is rated Promising. Treatment group youth reported statistically significant lower growth in overall substance use (cigarettes, marijuana, alcohol, and other illicit substances), compared with control group youth, at the 18-month follow up.

This program is designed to deter students from substance use and to identify and refer those with substance use problems to counseling or treatment services. Students and their parents sign consent forms, agreeing to the students’ random drug testing as a condition of participation in athletics and other school-sponsored extracurricular activities. The program is rated No Effects. There were no statistically significant effects on overall substance use or intentions to use substances.

This is a family drug court program designed to serve families involved with child welfare as a result of parental substance use. The program is rated Promising. Treatment group parents had a statistically significant higher percentage of experiencing family reunification, compared with comparison group parents. Children of treatment group parents also had a statistically significant fewer number of days in non-kinship or long-term foster care compared with children of comparison group parents.

This is a woman-focused, HIV intervention designed to reduce sex-risk behavior, substance use, and victimization among at-risk and underserved women, including female sex workers. The program is rated Promising. Compared with the comparison group, non-sex workers in the intervention reported less sexual abuse, alcohol use, and verified drug abuse, and sex workers in the intervention reported less physical abuse and verified drug abuse. These differences were statistically significant.

This is a court-ordered treatment program for individuals with mental illness who have a history of multiple hospitalizations or have exhibited violence toward themselves or others. The program is rated Promising. Participants who received treatment had a statistically significant reduction in risk for arrests of any offense, compared with the comparison group. However, there was no statistically significant difference found between the groups in risk of arrests for violent offenses.

This is a multilevel prevention program for high-risk families with children ages 2–5 years, which is designed to lower children’s risk of future substance abuse and other high-risk activities by improving parenting skills. The program is rated Promising. Intervention group parents reported a statistically significant improvement in child development, a reduction in child oppositional behaviors, and an improvement in parental self-efficacy, compared with control group parents.

This is a strengths-based, case management intervention that provided expanded case management services to incarcerated persons during their transition from incarceration to the community. The program is rated No Effects. There were no statistically significant differences between the transitional case management treatment group and the standard referral control group in nights spent in residential substance abuse treatment or in past 30-day drug or alcohol use, at the 9-month follow up.

This is an intensive family program combining relapse prevention and parenting skills training. This program is rated No Effects. Treatment group parents demonstrated statistically significantly less heroin use, fewer domestic conflicts, and higher refusal skills than control parents did. There were no statistically significant differences in other drug use by parents, child drug and alcohol use, child delinquency, child-reported negative peers, or child school attachment.

The program requires installation of ignition interlock devices in motor vehicles to test the breath–alcohol level of drivers convicted of alcohol-related traffic violations. The device prohibits alcohol-impaired drivers from starting and operating the vehicle. The program is rated Promising. Treatment group individuals who had the device installed had statistically significantly lower rates of rearrest for alcohol-related violations, compared with the control group, at the 3-year follow-up.

The program is a multicomponent family skills training program that targets substance-abusing families. The program is rated Promising. There were overall mixed results across three studies. One study found no significant effects on measures of child problem behavior, risk/protective factors, and family factors. However, one study found significant impacts on children’s problem behavior, and another study found significant impacts on time to reunification for child welfare-involved families.

This is a family-based intervention that seeks to reduce substance use and other problem behaviors in youth ages 10–14. The program is rated Promising. Treatment group youth showed a statistically significant greater number of intervention-targeted behaviors and alcohol refusal skills and a lower initiation of alcohol use, compared with the control group. Treatment group parents, compared with the control group parents, showed a statistically significant greater number of parenting competencies.

This is a brief school-based, suicide-prevention program that seeks to reduce suicide risks and co-occurring health-related behaviors (such as depression and drug use). The program is rated No Effects. Intervention youth reported statistically significant lower levels of depression, compared with usual-care comparison group youth, but there were no statistically significant effects on suicide-risk behaviors, drug-involvement behaviors, drug-use control problems, and adverse drug consequences.

This is a school-based intervention designed to promote positive youth development and reduce substance use. This program is rated Promising. Intervention students showed statistically significant improvements in teacher ratings of antisocial behavior and social competency and reported a statistically significant decline in frequency of alcohol and marijuana use, compared with control students. However, there were no differences in prevalence of alcohol, marijuana, or cigarette use.

This is a home-visitation program for expectant and new parents, which was designed to prevent child abuse or neglect. The program is rated No Effects. Treatment group mothers showed statistically significant improvements on some outcomes, such as parental stress and discipline strategies, compared with control group mothers. However, there were no statistically significant differences between the groups in neglect, foster care placement, or substantiated child protective services reports.

This is a prison-based, methadone maintenance program in Australia, which is designed to reduce recidivism, prevent the spread of blood-borne viral infections (HIV and hepatitis) in prison, and encourage continuation of treatment in the community following release. The program is rated No Effects. There were no statistically significant effects on rates of mortality, recidivism, or hepatitis C infections.

This was a school and community intervention that targeted children at an early age to prevent and reduce underage alcohol use. This program is rated Promising. The treatment group showed statistically significant reductions in alcohol use, binge drinking, and successful alcohol purchases by young-appearing buyers, compared with the comparison group. However, there was no statistically significant difference between groups in attitudes toward substance use.

This is a program designed to prevent the development of aggressive and antisocial behaviors in children in elementary school. The program is rated Effective. Youth who participated in the intervention demonstrated statistically significant reductions in physical aggression; in initiation of alcohol and tobacco; and in use over time of alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drugs; compared with control youth. However, there were no significant differences between groups in initiation of illicit drugs.

This is a classroom-based, drug abuse–prevention program for upper elementary and junior high school students. This program is rated Effective. Students who participated in the program reported a statistically significant decrease in prevalence of cigarette, alcohol, and polydrug use; and slower growth in initiation of substance use, compared with control students. However, there were no significant differences between groups on self-reported marijuana use.

This program addresses family functioning and parental behavior to reduce child abuse, neglect, and external placement. The program is rated Promising. Compared with the control group, treatment parents and children showed statistically significant improvements in functioning, treatment parents showed significant improvements in social support, and treatment children had a lower likelihood of receiving external placement. However, there were no significant differences between groups on abuse.

This is a family and community-based treatment program for adolescents with serious antisocial, delinquent, and other problem behaviors. The program is rated Effective. The treatment group had a statistically significant reduction in rearrests and number of days incarcerated, compared with a control group that received usual services. However, there were no statistically significant differences between groups in substance use outcomes.

This is a family-based intervention for Hispanic families that seeks to improve family functioning and decrease adolescent substance use. The program is rated Effective. Treatment group families reported a statistically significant reduction in youth substance use, compared with control group families. However, there were mixed results regarding family functioning and behavior problems, and no statistically significant effect on youth’s school bonding or academic achievement.

This is a preventive intervention designed to help college students make better decisions about alcohol use. The program is rated Effective. The intervention group showed statistically significant reductions in negative consequences of drinking (for example, accidents, violence or academic problems) and peak blood alcohol content. However, findings were mixed with regard to quantities consumed, and there was no statistically significant difference between groups in frequency of drinking.

This is a place-based policing intervention that was designed to reduce crime and disorder associated with homeless encampments in the “Skid Row” section of Los Angeles, Calif. The program is rated Promising. The treatment group areas had statistically significant reductions in nuisance crime, violent crime, and property crime, compared with comparison group areas.

This program uses a curriculum-based approach to improve youth academics, behavior, and character. The program is rated Effective. Treatment group students reported statistically significantly less substance use, sexual activity, violent behavior, serious violence-related behavior, and bullying behavior, compared with control group students. There were no statistically significant differences in measures of disruptive behaviors.

This version of multisystemic therapy is for adolescents with substance abuse and dependency issues. This program is rated Effective. Treatment youth showed statistically significant reductions in marijuana use and in aggressive behavior and convictions for aggressive behavior, compared with control group youth. However, no significant differences between groups were found for symptoms of mental health, criminal behavior, or alcohol or cocaine use.

This is a person-centered counseling method designed to foster motivation for change in youth who abuse alcohol and marijuana. The program is rated No Effects. Participants showed a statistically significant reduction in likelihood to exhibit negative treatment engagement and drive under the influence of alcohol, compared with control youth; however, there were no significant differences in other outcomes such as positive treatment engagement or driving under the influence of marijuana.

This is a decision-support system designed to reduce subsequent abuse and neglect of children and expedite permanency for children who have been removed from home. The program is rated Promising. At the 12-month follow up, treatment group children experienced statistically significant higher rates of permanency status, compared with control group children. However, there were no differences between groups on rates of reentry to the foster care system after reunification.

This is a school-based program designed to prevent substance use. The program is rated No Effects. There were no statistically significant effects on marijuana use, cocaine use, or on prevalence of getting drunk, and mixed effects on tobacco use, alcohol use, and hard drug use. There was a statistically significant improvement for the treatment group in overall substance use and an index of all hard drug use.

This is a comprehensive, classroom-based curriculum designed to prevent or reduce tobacco use in fifth- to ninth-grade students. This program is rated Promising. The intervention group had a statistically significant reduction in initial use and weekly use of cigarettes and smokeless tobacco at the 1-year follow up, compared with the control group.

This is a classroom management strategy designed to reduce aggressive and disruptive classroom behavior and create a classroom environment that is conducive to learning for students, ages 6 to 10. The program is rated Promising. At the 14-year follow up, the treatment group had statistically significant reductions in levels of alcohol-related disorders and antisocial personality disorder compared with participants in the control group.

This is a family-based program designed to prevent and reduce tobacco and alcohol use among children between the ages of 12 and 14. The program is rated No Effects. There were no statistically significant differences found between treatment group youth and control group youth in tobacco and alcohol use at the 12-month follow up.

This is an institution-based transitional services demonstration program, designed to be a short, intensive intervention, which could provide a greater number of individuals with reentry services at a lower cost. The program is rated No Effects. Program participants showed a statistically significant higher rate of parole revocation and rearrests for new offenses, compared with comparison group participants. However, there were no significant differences in felony rearrest rates between groups.

This is a home visitation program for low-income, first-time mothers designed to improve family functioning. The program is rated Effective. Treatment families reported statistically significant decreases in child abuse/neglect and domestic violence and improvements in home learning environments, compared with control families. Treatment children reported statistically significant decreases in substance use, compared with control children, but there were no differences in behavior problems.

This is a family-based prevention and intervention program for dysfunctional youth, ages 11 to 18, who are justice-involved or at risk for delinquency, violence, substance use, or other behavioral problems. The program is rated Effective. Program participants showed a statistically significant reduction in general recidivism and risky behavior, compared with control group participants. However, there were no differences between groups on felony recidivism or caregiver strengths and needs.

This program is an adaptation of the therapeutic community models used with individuals who have co-occurring drug abuse problems and mental health disorders. It offers a more flexible, more personalized, and less intense approach to achieve greater reductions in substance use and recidivism. This program is rated Promising. Participants in the treatment group showed statistically significant reductions in illegal drug use, compared with the control group.

This is a family-competency training program to promote healthy parent-child interactions and address children’s risk for early substance use. The program is rated Promising. Parent participants had a statistically significant improvement in intervention-targeted parenting behaviors, at 1-year posttest. Child participants had a statistically significant lower likelihood of alcohol-related problems and cigarette use, after 10 years, but there was no effect on being drunk and using illicit drugs.

This is a therapy approach for drug- and alcohol-abusing couples and their families. The program is rated Promising. After 1 year, patients reported statistically significant reductions in drinking consequences; partner violence; and alcohol, drug, and family–social addiction severity index scores, compared with the comparison group. There were no statistically significant effects on other addiction severity indicators, days abstinent from substances, or relationship satisfaction.

This is a methadone maintenance treatment designed for currently incarcerated individuals with a heroin addiction. The program is rated Promising. Treatment group participants spent a greater number of days in community-based drug treatment following release and improved opioid drug test results, compared with control group participants. These differences were statistically significant. However, there were mixed results regarding cocaine use, criminal activity, and frequency of heroin use.

This is a drug treatment court that seeks to reduce rearrests and reconvictions for drug-involved individuals with substantial criminal and drug addiction histories. The program is rated Effective. Compared with the control group, program participants had a statistically significant fewer number of arrests at the 24-month and 15-year follow up, but not at the 36-month follow up. Participants also had a statistically significant fewer number of total convicted charges at the 15-year follow up.

This is a program that uses medication in the treatment of opioid addiction. The medication works by antagonizing opioid receptors and blocking the effects of opiates, usually heroin, which are consumed by addicts. The program is rated Promising. There were statistically significant reductions in opioid use and reincarceration among the treatment group, compared with the control group.

This program serves an alternative to incarceration for technical parole violators or as a special condition of parole on release from prison. The program, which is run at secure residential facilities, provides paroled persons with an environment that is halfway between prison and ordinary parole release. The program is rated Promising. Program parolees showed statistically significant reductions in re-arrest, reconviction, and reincarceration, compared with the comparison group.

This is a behavioral treatment alternative to residential placement for adolescents with antisocial behavior, emotional disturbance, and delinquency. The program is rated Effective. Treatment group boys showed a statistically significant drop in criminal referral rates, criminal activities, and days spent in lock up, compared with comparison group boys. Treatment group girls showed a statistically significant reduction in delinquency, compared with comparison group girls.

This program provides intensive treatment in a dedicated housing unit to male incarcerated persons with substance abuse problems during the last 9 to 12 months of their prison terms. The program is rated Promising. Participants had statistically significant lower reincarceration rates at the 24-month and 5-year follow-up periods, compared with the control group. There were no significant differences between the groups in reincarceration rates at the 36-month follow up or in drug use at the 5-year follow up.

This is a drug court program for first-time, nonviolent persons convicted of felony drug offenses who are arrested in Queens County, N.Y. The court provides drug or alcohol treatment services to persons with persistent drug offenses who have a history of substance abuse. This program is rated Effective. There were statistically significant reductions in postarrest and post-program rearrest rates for program participants, compared with the comparison group.

This is a behavioral intervention for youth, which is designed to reduce drug and alcohol use and promote an abstinent lifestyle. The program is rated Promising. Participants showed a statistically significant reduction in alcohol use, other drug use, and depressive symptoms, and an increase in linkage to continuing care services, adherence to the continuing care model, and social stability. However, there was no statistically significant effect on high-risk behaviors or delinquency.

This program is an alternative to incarceration for drug-abusing defendants, which provides substance abuse treatment and education, case management, and intensive supervision. The program is rated Effective. Treatment group participants had a statistically significant lower likelihood of recidivating and experienced a greater length of time between initial arrest and first rearrest, compared with the comparison group.

This is a parental training and family therapy program targeted at rural African American families designed to reduce youths’ substance use and sexual activity. The program is rated Effective. SAAF group youth showed statistically significantly less increase of alcohol use and lower levels of alcohol initiation compared with the control group youth. SAAF group parents experienced a statistically significantly greater change in parenting behaviors targeted by the intervention.

This interagency public safety initiative aims to help incarcerated violent adults who have been convicted of a crime transition back to their neighborhoods following release from jail through various services. The program is rated Promising. The study found that after 3 years statistically significantly fewer program participants had been arrested for any crime and violent crime compared to the control group. The program was also associated with reductions in the subsequent overall time to arre

This is a multifamily group program designed to empower parents to act as their children’s primary agents and to build helpful parent-to-parent groups with the help of schools. The program is rated Effective. The treatment group had statistically significant reductions in problem behaviors (such as aggression), increases in academic performance, and improvements in family adaptability, compared with the comparison group. However, there were mixed findings on other measures such as social skills.

This intervention is designed to reduce distress associated with forensic rape examinations and reduce the victims’ risk of developing psychopathology and substance use after an assault. The program is rated No Effects. At the 6-month follow up, there were no statistically significant differences between the treatment and nontreatment groups in alcohol, marijuana, or hard drug use, or in symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety, or depression.

This is a prison-based chemical dependency treatment for incarcerated persons who abuse chemicals or are chemically dependent. The main goal is to reduce their recidivism rates once they reenter the community. The program is rated Promising. Those who received treatment showed statistically significant lower rates of rearrest, reconviction, and reincarceration, compared with the control group at the follow-up period.

This is a daily treatment program for opiate-addicted adults on waiting lists for comprehensive treatment who receive doses of methadone and emergency counseling. The program is rated Promising. Participants reported a statistically significant decrease in heroin use and had lower crime rates, compared with the waitlist control group. However, there was no statistically significant effect on cocaine use.

This is a reentry program in Brooklyn, N.Y., that provides substance abuse treatment, employment, and housing services for parolees. The program is rated Promising. Participants demonstrated a statistically significant lower likelihood of being rearrested or reconvicted, compared with the matched control group. However, there were no significant differences in employment and earnings, cohabitating with a partner and regular contact with their children, or drug and alcohol use.

These statewide drug court programs were designed to provide comprehensive management for persons convicted of drug offenses—through increased treatment, monitoring, and interactions with the court judge—to achieve reductions in reoffending and better drug treatment outcomes for substance users. This program is rated Promising. Individuals who participated in drug court programs had statistically significant reductions in recidivism rates and number of rearrests, compared with the control group.

This is a trauma-focused psychotherapy program for those suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The program is rated Effective. Treated adults showed statistically significant lower PTSD symptoms, depression, and anxiety than comparison group adults. Treated youth showed statistically significant higher levels of hope and lower levels of the PTSD criterion of intrusive re-experiencing than comparison group youth, but there were no impacts in other mental health outcomes.

This prison-based substance abuse treatment program for women near the end of their incarceration period is designed to reduce substance use and recidivism following release. The program is rated Promising. The intervention group reported statistically significantly fewer arrests and reconvictions and less drug use at follow up compared with the comparison group. However, there was no statistically significant effect on reincarceration and employment.

This drug court program offers substance abuse treatment for nonviolent felony and misdemeanor drug offenses. The program is rated No Effects. There were no statistically significant differences between the drug court participants and the comparison group in 2-year post-program recidivism or 4-year post-arrest convictions for a drug offense.

This interactive classroom curriculum is designed to reduce youth dating violence by addressing bullying, unsafe sexual behavior, and substance use. The program is rated No Effects. The program had small, statistically significant effects on decreasing dating violence and sexual harassment/assault victimization. However, there were no significant effects on sexual harassment/assault perpetration, peer violence perpetration or victimization, sexual activity, substance use, or prosocial attitudes.

This is a multicomponent school-based drug and alcohol prevention program for male high school athletes. The program is rated Promising. The intervention was associated with statistically significant reductions in participants’ intent to use steroids, and statistically significant increases in their knowledge of the negative side effects of steroids and in their ability to refuse steroids and other drugs.

This Maryland program was designed to decrease the number of subsequent alcohol-related traffic violations for drivers with multiple alcohol offenses. The program is rated Effective. Those in the ignition interlock group had statistically significant fewer subsequent alcohol traffic violations compared with the control group.

This program uses a drug treatment continuum of prison-based therapeutic community and residential work release for drug-involved convicted persons. The program is rated Promising. Results showed statistically significant increases in remaining drug-free after 3 years and increases in condom use after 6 months; however, there were no statistically significant effects in being injection-free (after 6 months) or arrest-free (after 3 years).

This is a drug court diversion program designed to help participants achieve sobriety and reduce involvement with the criminal justice system, by connecting them with treatment services soon after arrest. The program is rated Promising. The treatment group showed statistically significant reductions in recidivism for general and drug-related crime, compared with the control group at the 3-year follow up. However, there were no differences between groups in rates of positive drug tests.

This is a program for people arrested for the first time for driving while intoxicated (DWI). The program seeks to reduce DWI rearrest rates. The program is rated Promising. The treatment group showed statistically significant improvement on all three measures of alcohol use (total consumption, drinking days, and average blood–alcohol content), compared with the control group. However, there was no statistically significant difference between groups on rates of DWI rearrests.

This program is for parents whose children are wards of the state. The program is rated Effective. Intervention parents had statistically significant improvements in treatment outcomes and lower rates of rearrest, compared with control parents. Children of intervention parents experienced statistically significant improvements in child welfare outcomes, compared with children of control group participants. There were no significant differences between groups for placement stability.

This program offers one-to-one mentoring in a community setting for at-risk youth between the ages of 6 and 18. This program is rated Effective. It was associated with a statistically significant reduction in initiating drug and alcohol use and antisocial behavior among mentored youth, compared with non-mentored youth. Mentored youth also showed statistically significant improvement in relationships with parents and academic performance (i.e., better grades and fewer absences).

This was a policing initiative that targeted specific gangs in the Hollenbeck area of Los Angeles, California, through aggressive enforcement and problem-oriented policing. The program is rated Promising. There was a statistically significant reduction in overall violent crimes in targeted blocks, compared with matched comparison blocks. However, there was no statistically significant effect on gang crimes or gun crimes.

This is a prevention program for middle and high school students, which is designed to stop or prevent dating violence perpetration and victimization. This program is rated Effective. The intervention group showed statistically significant reductions in psychological, physical, and sexual abuse perpetration, and physical abuse victimization, compared with the control group at the 4-year follow up; however, there were no significant differences between groups on sexual abuse victimization.

This program consists of a cognitive technique for incorporating graphic visualization tools into the counseling process for substance users. The program is rated Promising. The mapping-enhanced counseling group showed a statistically significant reduction in positive drug tests for opiates and cocaine at the 6-month posttest, compared with the control group.

This is a court program in western Michigan designed to divert people convicted of driving under the influence (DUI) from jail, eliminate substance use, and reduce recidivism. The program is rated Promising. At the 2-year follow up, program participants were less likely to be rearrested and had longer time to first-rearrest, compared with control group participants. These differences were statistically significant. However, there were no significant differences between groups for alcohol or drug

This is a school-based drug use prevention program, taught by police officers, which was designed for students in the sixth through 12th grades. The primary goal was to teach peer resistance and refusal skills so that adolescents can say “no” to drugs. The program is rated No Effects. There were no statistically significant differences between treatment and control group participants in drug use, attitudes toward drug use, or self-esteem.

This is a multidimensional, parole-based reintegration program that aims to reduce parolees’ crime and reincarceration by providing them with services that can facilitate a successful reintegration into society following release from prison. The program is rated Promising. Parolees who participated in the program had a statistically significant lower likelihood of reincarceration, compared with parolees who did not participate.

This is a community supervision strategy for substance-abusing probationers, particularly those who have long histories of drug use and involvement with the criminal justice system and are considered at high risk of failing probation or returning to prison. The program is rated Promising. Participants were less likely to miss appointments with probation officers, use drugs, and be arrested, compared with the control group. These differences were statistically significant.

This is a program comprised of a 35-minute therapy session for adolescents who received care in emergency rooms, designed to reduce subsequent violent behavior and alcohol use. The program is rated No Effects. The intervention groups showed statistically significant improvements on attitudinal measures of violence and alcohol use, compared with the control group; however, there were no statistically significant differences between the groups in behavior changes related to alcohol or violence.

This is a planning and implementation system that helps community stakeholders come together to address adolescent behavior problems such as violence, delinquency, substance abuse, teen pregnancy, and dropping out of school. This program is rated Promising. There were statistically significant lower levels of risk factors and a lower likelihood of initiation of delinquent behavior for intervention communities, compared control communities, but mixed results in substance use initiation.

This is a cognitive-behavioral therapy group intervention designed to reduce children’s symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression caused by exposure to violence. The program is rated Effective. Intervention group participants showed statistically significant reductions in depressive and PTSD symptoms, compared with control group participants, at the 3-month follow up. However, there were no statistically significant impacts on classroom behavior problems.

This is a job-training program for probation officers (POs) to help them apply the risk–need–responsivity (RNR) model with adults who are on probation. The program is rated Promising. Treatment POs demonstrated a statistically significant higher level of quality in demonstrating RNR–based correctional and intervention skills, compared with the control group; however, there were mixed results in discussions on any and all criminogenic needs and no statistically significant difference in recidivis

This is a gender-specific, family-based intervention designed to help drug-using mothers who participate in family drug court to maintain their parental rights. The program is rated No Effects. The program had no statistically significant effects on child welfare outcomes, self-reported drug use, physical child abuse potential, overall psychological stress, self-reported alcohol use, family and social functioning, psychiatric problems, and urinalysis results.

This is a jail reentry program that works to reduce inmates’ recidivism once they reenter the community, in part by linking them to various resources. The program is rated Promising. Approximately 12 percent of program participants were rearrested during the 12-month follow-up period, compared with 82 percent of control group participants, a statistically significant difference.

This program is the first prosecution-led, residential drug treatment diversion program designed to divert people convicted of nonviolent felony drug offenses to community-based residential treatment. This program is rated Promising. Controlling for time spent in the community following release from prison, the intervention showed statistically significant positive effects on recidivism, time to first rearrest, and rearrest for program participants, compared with the control group.

This intervention for drug-involved females who have been convicted of an offense incorporated elements of substance abuse treatment, intensive supervision probation, and case management. The program is rated No Effects. There were no statistically significant differences between the probation case management group and the standard probation group on measures of incarceration rates, substance abuse, psychiatric symptoms, or service use at the 12-month follow up.