Marijuana
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On this page you can find programs and practices related to Marijuana. Select "Search Filters" to narrow down the list by rating, extent of evidence, and many other aspects of the programs or practices. Skip to Practices
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Icon | Rating | Program Rating Description | Practice Rating Description |
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Effective | Implementing the program is likely to result in the intended outcome(s). | On average, there is strong evidence that implementing a program encompassed by the practice will achieve the intended outcome. | |
Promising | Implementing the program may result in the intended outcome(s) | On average, there is some evidence that implementing a program encompassed by the practice will achieve the intended outcome. | |
No Effects | Implementing the program is unlikely to result in the intended outcome(s) and may result in a negative outcome(s). | On average, there is strong evidence that implementing a program encompassed by the practice will not achieve the intended outcome or may result in a negative outcome. |
Programs
Showing Results For:
Topic: marijuanaTitle | Evidence Rating | Topics | Summary | RCT | ||
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Program Profile: The Substance Use Prevention Promoted by Eating Family Meals Regularly (SUPPER) Project |
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Substance abuse, Marijuana, Drugs | This program seeks to help parents become facilitators in preventing children’s substance misuse, by encouraging them to have five or more family meals together weekly. The program is rated Promising. Intervention group parents showed a statistically significant increase in talking with children about alcohol, compared with control group parents, but there were no statistically significant differences in number of family meals per week and talking with children about marijuana and other drugs. Date Posted: |
None | ||
Program Profile: Be BOLD Yoga for High-Risk Adolescents |
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Schools, Marijuana, Alcohol, Mental health, Juvenile health, Substance abuse, Underage drinking, Dropout/expulsion, Alternative schools, Juvenile (under 18), Child health and welfare, Legal substances, Drugs | This is a mindfulness-based yoga program intended to reduce substance use (and the subsequent negative effects of use) for adolescents at high risk of dropping out of school. The program is rated No Effects. There were no statistically significant differences in measures of substance use, self-regulation, mood, mindfulness, or coping skills for youth who participated in the program, compared with the control group youth. Date Posted: |
Randomized Controlled Trial | ||
Program Profile: CHAT (Motivational Interviewing for Adolescents At-Risk for Substance Use) |
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Marijuana, Alcohol, Substance abuse, Underage drinking, Legal substances | This program uses motivational interviewing in primary care settings for adolescents at-risk for substance use. This program is rated No Effects. Results suggest there were no statistically significant differences in alcohol or marijuana use between adolescents who participated in the program and those who did not; however, there was a statistically significant reduction in perceived peer use of alcohol and marijuana for program participants, compared with the control group. Date Posted: |
Randomized Controlled Trial | ||
Program Profile: Free Talk |
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Juvenile courts, Alcohol-Related Offenses, Marijuana, Alcohol, Diversion, Youth/peer courts, Crime prevention, Recidivism, Juvenile delinquency, Substance abuse, Legal substances | This is a group, motivational interviewing program for adolescents with a first-time alcohol or drug offense. The goal of the program is to prevent negative consequences of alcohol and other drug use. This program is rated No Effects. There were no statistically significant differences between the intervention and comparison groups on past month frequency of alcohol, heavy drinking, or marijuana use; alcohol or marijuana consequences; recidivism; delinquency; and alcohol and other drug use. Date Posted: |
Randomized Controlled Trial | ||
Program Profile: Juvenile Breaking the Cycle (JBTC) Program (Lane County, Oregon) |
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Drug courts, Juvenile courts, Marijuana, Alcohol, Mental health, Substance abuse, Diversion, Case Management, Treatment, Young juvenile offenders, Crime prevention, Recidivism, Diversion, Legal substances, Drugs, Drug treatment | Using comprehensive assessments, the program identified, provided, and coordinated individualized services for high-risk, drug-involved, justice-involved juveniles. This program is rated Effective. Results suggest that JBTC participants were significantly less likely to recidivate and had statistically significantly fewer arrests, compared with non-JBTC participants. However, the impact on self-reported drug use was mixed. Date Posted: |
None | ||
Program Profile: PROmoting School-Community-University Partnerships to Enhance Resilience (PROSPER) |
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Schools, Marijuana, Alcohol, Substance abuse, Underage drinking, Positive youth development, Juvenile (under 18), Child health and welfare, Methamphetamine, Illegal substances, Drugs | This is a community-based program that was designed to address substance abuse and antisocial behavior. The program is rated Promising. Students in the schools that implemented the PROSPER model had statistically significant fewer conduct problems and lower lifetime illicit substance use, compared with students in control schools. However, there were no statistically significant impacts on driving after drinking alcohol or frequency of drunkenness. Date Posted: |
Randomized Controlled Trial | ||
Program Profile: Neighborhood Enrichment with Vision Involving Services, Treatment, and Supervision (NEW VISTAS) |
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Alcohol-Related Offenses, Drug testing, Probation, Schools, Marijuana, Alcohol, Substance abuse, Underage drinking, Intake/assessment, Community policing, Case Management, Youth development, Treatment, Comprehensive/wraparound services, Crime prevention, Recidivism, Juvenile detention, Drugs, Substance abuse | This program consisted of a comprehensive, neighborhood-based, family-focused service delivery model that employed wraparound services and case management for justice-involved families with identified substance abuse problems. The program is rated Promising. Treatment group youth had a statistically significant decrease in noninstitutional and institutional out-of-home placements, compared with comparison group youth. However, there was no statistically significant difference in recidivism. Date Posted: |
None | ||
Program Profile: Comer's School Development Program |
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Schools, Marijuana, Alcohol, Substance abuse, Underage drinking, School safety, School climate, Juvenile (under 18), School climate | This is a school-based intervention involving administrators, teachers, staff, and parents that aims to improve relationships and school climate to enhance student achievement. The program is rated Promising. Students in treatment schools reported statistically significant reductions in the frequency of angry feelings and acting out, and greater disapproval of misbehavior, compared with students in control schools. There were no statistically significant differences in substance use. Date Posted: |
None | ||
Program Profile: Ecologically Based Family Therapy (EBFT) for Substance-Abusing Runaway Adolescents |
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Marijuana, Alcohol, Substance abuse, Underage drinking, Family reunification, Treatment, Legal substances, Drugs, Juvenile (under 18), Drug treatment | This is a home-based, family preservation model for families in crisis because a youth has run away from home. The model targets 12- to 17-year-olds who are staying in a runaway shelter and dealing with substance abuse issues. The program is rated Promising. Treatment group adolescents reported a statistically significant reduction in the percentage of days they used alcohol or drugs, compared with control group adolescents who received services as usual, at the 15-month follow up. Date Posted: |
None | ||
Program Profile: KEEP SAFE |
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Girls, Marijuana, Alcohol, Substance abuse, Underage drinking, Foster care/child welfare system, Juvenile delinquency, Juvenile (under 18), Child health and welfare, Crime prevention, Legal substances, Drugs | This was a multicomponent intervention to prevent delinquency and substance misuse for girls in foster care transitioning from elementary school to middle school. The program is rated Promising. Treatment group girls reported statistically significantly reduced tobacco use, marijuana use, and delinquent behavior, compared with control group girls. However, there was no statistically significant impact on alcohol use or association with delinquent peers. Date Posted: |
Randomized Controlled Trial | ||
Program Profile: Residential Student Assistance Program (RSAP) |
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Marijuana, Alcohol, Mental health, Substance abuse, Underage drinking, Foster care/child welfare system, Treatment, Juvenile detention, Child health and welfare, Juvenile justice, Legal substances, Drugs | This is a substance abuse intervention program for high-risk adolescents (ages 12–18) living in residential facilities. The program is rated Promising. Treatment group youth showed a statistically significant lower likelihood of reporting alcohol, marijuana, or overall alcohol and other drug (AOD) use in the previous 30 days, compared with comparison group youth. Date Posted: |
None | ||
Program Profile: Maine Juvenile Drug Treatment Courts |
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Alcohol-Related Offenses, Drug courts, Juvenile courts, Heroin, Marijuana, Alcohol, Substance abuse, Underage drinking, Diversion, Treatment, Problem-solving courts, Recidivism, Crime prevention, Opioids | These court supervised, post-plea (but pre-final disposition) drug diversion programs provide comprehensive community-based treatment services to juveniles convicted of an offense and their families. The program is rated Promising. The program had a statistically significant impact on recidivism. Date Posted: |
None | ||
Program Profile: SMART Leaders |
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Marijuana, Alcohol, Substance abuse, Underage drinking, Afterschool, Drug abuse prevention and education, Drugs, Legal substances | This is a curriculum-based program for adolescents that aims to change attitudes toward and reduce substance use. The program is rated Promising. Participants demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in alcohol, marijuana, cigarette, and overall drug use; an increase in negative attitudes toward alcohol and marijuana; and an increase in knowledge of drug use and health consequences. However, there was no statistically significant effect on chewing tobacco behaviors. Date Posted: |
None | ||
Program Profile: Positive Family Support (PFS) |
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Schools, Marijuana, Alcohol, Substance abuse, Underage drinking, Case Management, Youth development, Juvenile (under 18), Child health and welfare, Legal substances, Drugs | This is a family-centered intervention, which addresses family dynamics to prevent substance use and problem behaviors in adolescents. The program is rated Effective. Students in the treatment group were found to report less substance use, including alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana; and demonstrate less antisocial behavior, compared with students in the control group. These differences were all statistically significant. Date Posted: |
Randomized Controlled Trial | ||
Program Profile: Multidimensional Family Therapy (MDFT) |
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Marijuana, Alcohol, Mental health, Juvenile health, Substance abuse, Underage drinking, Youth development, Treatment, Young juvenile offenders, Juvenile (under 18), Crime prevention, Juvenile delinquency, Child health and welfare, Violent crime | This program seeks to reduce substance use and problem behaviors of youths with substance use disorders. The program is rated Promising. Relative to treatment-as-usual youths, intervention youths showed a statistically significant reduction in the number of crimes committed (i.e., property and violent crimes), substance use problems, and delinquent behaviors. But there were no statistically significant differences in diagnoses of cannabis use disorder or externalizing and internalizing behaviors Date Posted: |
Randomized Controlled Trial | ||
Program Profile: Bicultural Competence Skills Approach |
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Tribal youth, Marijuana, Alcohol, Substance abuse, Underage drinking, Legal substances, Drugs, Juvenile (under 18) | This program is designed to prevent substance use in American Indian adolescents by teaching them bicultural social skills. The program is rated Promising. Youth who participated in the program demonstrated lower rates in use of smokeless tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, and inhalants. Program youth also showed better knowledge of substances and alternatives to substance use, self-control, and assertiveness, compared with control group youth. These differences were statistically significant. Date Posted: |
Randomized Controlled Trial | ||
Program Profile: Lions Quest Skills for Adolescence (SFA) |
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Schools, Cocaine, Marijuana, Alcohol, Substance abuse, Underage drinking, School climate, Drug abuse prevention and education, Drugs, Illegal substances, Legal substances | This is a school-based life skills training curriculum for middle-school students aimed at reducing drug and alcohol use. The program is rated No Effects. There were statistically significant effects on past-30-day marijuana use and on marijuana- and alcohol-refusal skills for treatment group students, compared with control group students, but no statistically significant impacts on past-30-day alcohol, cigarette, or other illicit substances use and in cigarette- and cocaine-refusal skills. Date Posted: |
Randomized Controlled Trial | ||
Program Profile: Athletes Targeting Healthy Exercise & Nutrition Alternatives (ATHENA) |
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Girls, Schools, Marijuana, Alcohol, Substance abuse, Underage drinking, Juvenile (under 18), Legal substances, Drugs | This is a team-centered, health promotion program for female high school athletes. The program is rated Promising. Athletes who participated in the program had a statistically significant higher likelihood of reporting improved nutritional behaviors and decrease in lifetime alcohol and marijuana use, compared with control group athletes. However, findings regarding the use of diet pills were mixed, and there was no statistically significant impact on the use of athletic-enhancing substances. Date Posted: |
None | ||
Program Profile: Taking Charge of Your Life |
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Schools, Marijuana, Alcohol, Substance abuse, Underage drinking, Youth development, Juvenile (under 18), Child health and welfare, Legal substances, Drugs | This is a school-based, universal substance abuse prevention program for middle school students. The program is rated No Effects. Intervention students self-reported greater use of alcohol and cigarettes and more binge drinking, compared with control group students, at the 5-year follow up. These differences were statistically significant. There were no statistically significant differences between groups in marijuana use. Date Posted: |
Randomized Controlled Trial | ||
Program Profile: Midwestern Prevention Project (MPP) |
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Schools, Marijuana, Alcohol, Juvenile health, Substance abuse, Underage drinking, Youth development, Drug abuse prevention and education, Drugs, Juvenile (under 18), Child health and welfare, Legal substances | This is a comprehensive program intended to promote an antidrug message throughout communities and prevent substance use among middle school students. The program is rated Effective. One study found that treatment group students had statistically significant lower past-month and past-week rates of cigarette use, compared with control group students. However, a second study found no statistically significant differences in smoking, alcohol, or marijuana use between groups. Date Posted: |
Randomized Controlled Trial | ||
Program Profile: Too Good for Violence |
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Schools, Marijuana, Alcohol, Substance abuse, Underage drinking, School safety, Youth development, School climate, Juvenile (under 18), Child health and welfare, Legal substances, Drugs | This is a school-based violence prevention and character education program designed to improve student behavior and minimize aggression. The program is rated Promising. The program had statistically significant positive effects on risk and protective factors related to student violence for students in grade 3. There were also statistically significant positive effects on factors related to alcohol, tobacco, drug use, and violence for students in grades 9 through 12. Date Posted: |
Randomized Controlled Trial | ||
Program Profile: Coping Power Program |
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Schools, Marijuana, Alcohol, School safety, Juvenile delinquency, Crime prevention, Juvenile (under 18), Child health and welfare, Substance abuse, Legal substances, Drugs | This is a cognitive-based intervention for aggressive children and for their parents to increase the children’s competence, study skills, social skills, and self-control during the transition to middle school. The program is rated Promising. There were mixed results on self-reported delinquency, but treatment group children showed a statistically significant reduction in substance use and improvement in aggressive behavior, compared with control group children. Date Posted: |
Randomized Controlled Trial | ||
Program Profile: Project ALERT |
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Schools, Marijuana, Alcohol, Substance abuse, Underage drinking, Juvenile (under 18), Child health and welfare, Drugs, Substance abuse | This is a school-based program for seventh and eighth graders, which was designed to prevent substance use initiation and reduce future substance use. The program is rated No Effects. There were no statistically significant differences in alcohol use, marijuana use, or cigarette use between students who participated in the program and control group students. Date Posted: |
Randomized Controlled Trial | ||
Program Profile: Project Venture |
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Tribal youth, Schools, Marijuana, Alcohol, Substance abuse, Underage drinking, Youth development, Recreation, Afterschool, Legal substances, Drugs, Juvenile (under 18) | This is an outdoor experiential prevention program for at-risk American Indian youth, which concentrates on American Indian cultural values to promote prosocial development and avoidance of alcohol and other drugs. The program is rated Promising. Treatment group youth reported statistically significant lower growth in overall substance use (cigarettes, marijuana, alcohol, and other illicit substances), compared with control group youth, at the 18-month follow up. Date Posted: |
None | ||
Program Profile: Mandatory-Random Student Drug Testing |
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Schools, Cocaine, Heroin, Marijuana, Alcohol, Substance abuse, Juvenile (under 18), Child health and welfare, Crime prevention, Opioids | This program is designed to deter students from substance use and to identify and refer those with substance use problems to counseling or treatment services. Students and their parents sign consent forms, agreeing to the students’ random drug testing as a condition of participation in athletics and other school-sponsored extracurricular activities. The program is rated No Effects. There were no statistically significant effects on overall substance use or intentions to use substances. Date Posted: |
Randomized Controlled Trial | ||
Program Profile: Families Facing the Future |
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Cocaine, Heroin, Marijuana, Alcohol, Substance abuse, Case Management, Crime prevention, Juvenile (under 18), Child health and welfare, Drugs, Illegal substances, Legal substances, Drugs, Opioids | This is an intensive family program combining relapse prevention and parenting skills training. This program is rated No Effects. Treatment group parents demonstrated statistically significantly less heroin use, fewer domestic conflicts, and higher refusal skills than control parents did. There were no statistically significant differences in other drug use by parents, child drug and alcohol use, child delinquency, child-reported negative peers, or child school attachment. Date Posted: |
Randomized Controlled Trial | ||
Program Profile: Strengthening Families Program: For Parents and Youth 10-14 |
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Alcohol, Substance abuse, Youth development, Child health and welfare, Drugs, Marijuana, Legal substances, Drugs | This is a family-based intervention that seeks to reduce substance use and other problem behaviors in youth ages 10–14. The program is rated Promising. Treatment group youth showed a statistically significant greater number of intervention-targeted behaviors and alcohol refusal skills and a lower initiation of alcohol use, compared with the control group. Treatment group parents, compared with the control group parents, showed a statistically significant greater number of parenting competencies. Date Posted: |
Randomized Controlled Trial | ||
Program Profile: Raising Healthy Children |
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Schools, Marijuana, Alcohol, Substance abuse, Underage drinking, Youth development, School climate, Child health and welfare, Juvenile (under 18), Legal substances, Drugs | This is a school-based intervention designed to promote positive youth development and reduce substance use. This program is rated Promising. Intervention students showed statistically significant improvements in teacher ratings of antisocial behavior and social competency and reported a statistically significant decline in frequency of alcohol and marijuana use, compared with control students. However, there were no differences in prevalence of alcohol, marijuana, or cigarette use. Date Posted: |
Randomized Controlled Trial | ||
Program Profile: LifeSkills® Training |
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Schools, Marijuana, Alcohol, Juvenile health, Mental health, Substance abuse, Underage drinking, Youth development, Drug abuse prevention and education, Drugs, Child health and welfare, Juvenile (under 18), Legal substances | This is a classroom-based, drug abuse–prevention program for upper elementary and junior high school students. This program is rated Effective. Students who participated in the program reported a statistically significant decrease in prevalence of cigarette, alcohol, and polydrug use; and slower growth in initiation of substance use, compared with control students. However, there were no significant differences between groups on self-reported marijuana use. Date Posted: |
Randomized Controlled Trial | ||
Program Profile: Motivational Interviewing (MI) for Substance Abuse Issues of Juveniles in a State Facility |
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Marijuana, Alcohol, Substance abuse, Underage drinking, Juvenile detention, Legal substances, Drugs | This is a person-centered counseling method designed to foster motivation for change in youth who abuse alcohol and marijuana. The program is rated No Effects. Participants showed a statistically significant reduction in likelihood to exhibit negative treatment engagement and drive under the influence of alcohol, compared with control youth; however, there were no significant differences in other outcomes such as positive treatment engagement or driving under the influence of marijuana. Date Posted: |
Randomized Controlled Trial | ||
Program Profile: Multisystemic Therapy - Substance Abuse |
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Cocaine, Marijuana, Alcohol, Mental health, Substance abuse, Underage drinking, Violent offenders, Youth development, Home visiting, Treatment, Young juvenile offenders, Child health and welfare, Juvenile delinquency, Juvenile detention, Courts, Drug courts, Problem-solving courts, Illegal substances, Drugs, Legal substances, Drugs | This version of multisystemic therapy is for adolescents with substance abuse and dependency issues. This program is rated Effective. Treatment youth showed statistically significant reductions in marijuana use and in aggressive behavior and convictions for aggressive behavior, compared with control group youth. However, no significant differences between groups were found for symptoms of mental health, criminal behavior, or alcohol or cocaine use. Date Posted: |
Randomized Controlled Trial | ||
Program Profile: Project Towards No Drug Abuse (Project TND) |
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Schools, Marijuana, Alcohol, Substance abuse, Underage drinking, Treatment, Drug abuse prevention and education, Drugs, Child health and welfare, Cocaine, Illegal substances, Legal substances, Drug treatment | This is a school-based program designed to prevent substance use. The program is rated No Effects. There were no statistically significant effects on marijuana use, cocaine use, or on prevalence of getting drunk, and mixed effects on tobacco use, alcohol use, and hard drug use. There was a statistically significant improvement for the treatment group in overall substance use and an index of all hard drug use. Date Posted: |
Randomized Controlled Trial | ||
Program Profile: Guiding Good Choices |
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Marijuana, Alcohol, Mental health, Substance abuse, Underage drinking, Youth development, Legal substances, Drugs | This is a family-competency training program to promote healthy parent-child interactions and address children’s risk for early substance use. The program is rated Promising. Parent participants had a statistically significant improvement in intervention-targeted parenting behaviors, at 1-year posttest. Child participants had a statistically significant lower likelihood of alcohol-related problems and cigarette use, after 10 years, but there was no effect on being drunk and using illicit drugs. Date Posted: |
Randomized Controlled Trial | ||
Program Profile: Post-Rape Video Intervention |
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Marijuana, Alcohol, Violent crime, Rape and sexual assault, Victims of crime, Drugs | This intervention is designed to reduce distress associated with forensic rape examinations and reduce the victims’ risk of developing psychopathology and substance use after an assault. The program is rated No Effects. At the 6-month follow up, there were no statistically significant differences between the treatment and nontreatment groups in alcohol, marijuana, or hard drug use, or in symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety, or depression. Date Posted: |
Randomized Controlled Trial | ||
Program Profile: Suffolk County (N.Y.) Drug Treatment Court |
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Drug courts, Drug possession, Cocaine, Heroin, Marijuana, Drug abuse prevention and education, Drugs, Problem-solving courts, Recidivism, Crime prevention, Opioids | This program is an alternative to incarceration for drug-abusing defendants, which provides substance abuse treatment and education, case management, and intensive supervision. The program is rated Effective. Treatment group participants had a statistically significant lower likelihood of recidivating and experienced a greater length of time between initial arrest and first rearrest, compared with the comparison group. Date Posted: |
None | ||
Program Profile: Adolescent Community Reinforcement Approach (A-CRA) |
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Marijuana, Alcohol, Juvenile health, Mental health, Substance abuse, Reentry, Juvenile delinquency, Juvenile (under 18), Child health and welfare, Crime prevention, Juvenile detention, Drugs, Legal substances, Drugs | This is a behavioral intervention for youth, which is designed to reduce drug and alcohol use and promote an abstinent lifestyle. The program is rated Promising. Participants showed a statistically significant reduction in alcohol use, other drug use, and depressive symptoms, and an increase in linkage to continuing care services, adherence to the continuing care model, and social stability. However, there was no statistically significant effect on high-risk behaviors or delinquency. Date Posted: |
Randomized Controlled Trial |
Title | Evidence Rating | Topics | Summary | ||||||||
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Practice Profile: School-Based Brief Interventions for Substance Use Among Youth |
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Schools, Marijuana, Alcohol, Substance abuse, Underage drinking, Child health and welfare, Juvenile (under 18), Drugs | This practice consists of time-limited, low-dose therapeutic programs delivered in a school or educational setting that teach skills and encourage motivation to change or prevent substance use in youth participants. This practice is rated Effective for reducing alcohol use but was rated No Effects for reducing marijuana use. Date Posted: |
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Practice Profile: Interactive Programs for Preventing Marijuana Use in Middle School Students |
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Schools, Marijuana, Substance abuse, Crime prevention, Juvenile (under 18), Child health and welfare, Drugs | This practice consists of skill-building and interaction-based activities integrated into school-based programs for grades 6–8 that are aimed at preventing marijuana use among adolescents ages 12–14. This practice is rated Effective for preventing marijuana use. Date Posted: |
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Practice Profile: Nontargeted Brief Alcohol Interventions for Substance Use for Juveniles |
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Marijuana, Alcohol, Substance abuse, Underage drinking, Drugs, Legal substances | The practice is aimed at reducing substance use (alcohol and other hard drugs) by providing motivations and/or skills to promote behavior change in a relatively brief time, typically between one to five sessions. The target population are juveniles and young adults ages 11 to 30. This practice is rated Effective for reducing illicit substance use, marijuana use, and alcohol use. The practice is rated Promising for reducing the use of other hard substances. Date Posted: |
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Practice Profile: Psychosocial Interventions for Cannabis Use Disorder |
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Marijuana, Substance abuse, Drugs | This practice involves the use of psychosocial interventions to treat cannabis use disorder. Psychosocial treatments may include many forms of therapy, such as cognitive–behavioral therapy, contingency management, and relapse prevention. The practice is rated Effective for reducing the use of cannabis and the symptoms of dependence, and increasing the prevalence of abstinence. Date Posted: |
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Practice Profile: Motivational Interviewing for Substance Abuse |
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Alcohol-Related Offenses, Cocaine, Marijuana, Alcohol, Juvenile (under 18) | A client-centered, semidirective psychological treatment approach that concentrates on improving and strengthening individuals’ motivations to change. The practice is rated Effective. Individuals in the treatment groups significantly reduced their use of substances compared to those in the no-treatment control groups. Date Posted: |