Use Of Force
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On this page you can find programs and practices related to Use Of Force. Select "Search Filters" to narrow down the list by rating, extent of evidence, and many other aspects of the programs or practices. Skip to Practices
CrimeSolutions’ ratings are assigned from standardized reviews of rigorous evaluations and meta-analyses. While we encourage you to learn more about this process, you don’t need to in order to benefit from it. Our clear ratings and profiles can help you determine if a program or category of program is worth pursuing.
Icon | Rating | Program Rating Description | Practice Rating Description |
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Effective | Implementing the program is likely to result in the intended outcome(s). | On average, there is strong evidence that implementing a program encompassed by the practice will achieve the intended outcome. | |
Promising | Implementing the program may result in the intended outcome(s) | On average, there is some evidence that implementing a program encompassed by the practice will achieve the intended outcome. | |
No Effects | Implementing the program is unlikely to result in the intended outcome(s) and may result in a negative outcome(s). | On average, there is strong evidence that implementing a program encompassed by the practice will not achieve the intended outcome or may result in a negative outcome. |
Programs
Showing Results For:
Topic: use of forceTitle | Evidence Rating | Topics | Summary | RCT | ||
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Program Profile: Police Body-Worn Cameras (Turkey) |
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Procedural justice, Law enforcement | This intervention involves officers wearing cameras on their uniforms to increase citizens’ intentions to comply with police and improve their perceptions of police during traffic stops. The program is rated Promising. Drivers who encountered officers with cameras had statistically significant increases in both compliance and cooperation with officers and improved perceptions of procedural justice and police legitimacy, compared with drivers who encountered officers not wearing cameras. Date Posted: |
None | ||
Program Profile: Police Body-Worn Cameras (Boston, Massachusetts) |
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Arrests, Sensors/Surveillance, Use of force, Law enforcement, Crime prevention, Situational crime prevention, Law enforcement operations, Arrests | This involves police officers wearing cameras on their uniforms to improve the civility of their interactions with citizens. The program is rated Effective. There were statistically significant reductions in citizen complaints against police and police use-of-force reports for officers who wore cameras, compared with those who did not, and statistically significant reductions in complaints against control officers in the treatment districts, compared with officers in the untreated districts. Date Posted: |
Randomized Controlled Trial | ||
Program Profile: Milwaukee (Wisconsin) Police Department Body-Worn Cameras |
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Sensors/Surveillance, Evidence, Community policing, Patrol, Use of force, Law enforcement, Traffic law enforcement, Traffic laws, Crime prevention, Law enforcement operations, Arrests, Equipment and technology | This program equips police with on-officer cameras to record their interactions with civilians. The program is rated No Effects. Camera use had no statistically significant effects on officers’ total number of proactive activities, specifically on the number of traffic stops or business checks, nor on arrests, citizen complaints, and use-of-force incidents. Officers with cameras conducted statistically significantly fewer subject stops, and statistically significantly more park and walks. Date Posted: |
Randomized Controlled Trial | ||
Program Profile: Police Body-Worn Video (Australia) |
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Assault, Sensors/Surveillance, Patrol, Law enforcement, Law enforcement operations, Equipment and technology | This program involves police use of video to improve evidence gathering and police and citizen behavior. The program is rated No Effects. There were no statistically significant differences in restraining orders issued or assaults on police between body-worn video treatment days and control days (when no officers wore body-worn video). Treatment days had statistically significantly higher rates of use of force, citizen complaints against police, and criminal charges, compared with control days. Date Posted: |
Randomized Controlled Trial | ||
Program Profile: Effects of Body-Worn Cameras on Reducing Rates of Citizen Fatalities |
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Homicide, Sensors/Surveillance, Death investigations, Law enforcement operations, Arrests, Equipment and technology | This program involves law enforcement’s use of cameras to record interactions with civilians to reduce citizen fatalities. The program is rated Promising. Agencies that acquired cameras had statistically significant decreases in fatal police–citizen encounters after three years, compared with agencies that did not acquire cameras. There were no statistically significant differences in fatal encounters between a reduced set of agencies with cameras and matched agencies without cameras. Date Posted: |
None | ||
Program Profile: Police Body-Worn Cameras (Phoenix, Arizona) |
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Evidence, Sensors/Surveillance, Community policing, Crime prevention, Law enforcement, Law enforcement operations, Arrests, Equipment and technology | This program equips police with on-officer cameras to record contacts with civilians. The program is rated Promising. Body-worn camera use resulted in statistically significant decreases in citizen complaints, and there were mixed results regarding camera use on arrest rates. There were no statistically significant differences in citizen resistance. There was a statistically significant increase in use of force, and less proactive, officer-initiated contact. Date Posted: |
Randomized Controlled Trial | ||
Program Profile: Tact, Tactics, and Trust (T3) Training Program |
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Training, Community policing, Procedural justice, Arrests, Law enforcement | This is a police training to develop officers’ decision-making, de-escalation, empathy, rapport-building, and self-control skills to discourage use of force in interactions with citizens. The program is rated No Effects. There was a statistically significant increase in procedural justice priorities posttraining in the treatment group, compared with the control group, but there were no statistically significant effects on maintaining self-control, physical control priorities, or use of force. Date Posted: |
Randomized Controlled Trial | ||
Program Profile: Procedural Justice Training Program (Seattle Police Department) |
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Training, Procedural justice, Arrests, Law enforcement | This program was designed to “slow down” police officers’ thought processes during encounters with citizens. The program is rated No Effects. At the 6-week follow-up, treatment group officers were statistically significantly less likely to be involved in an incident in which physical force was used, but there were no statistically significant differences on the fraction of incidents that resulted in an arrest, the number of citizen complaints filed against the officer, and other outcomes. Date Posted: |
Randomized Controlled Trial | ||
Program Profile: Police Body-Worn Cameras (Washington, D.C.) |
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Sensors/Surveillance, Patrol, Problem-oriented policing, Law enforcement, Law enforcement operations, Arrests, Equipment and technology | Police body-worn cameras (BWCs) are designed to improve policing and the perceived legitimacy of the police and legal institutions. The program is rated No Effects. There were no statistically significant differences in police use of force, number of citizen complaints, or number of arrests for disorderly conduct for police officers who wore BWCs, compared with officers who did not wear BWCs. Date Posted: |
Randomized Controlled Trial | ||
Program Profile: Body-Worn Cameras (Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department) |
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Community policing, Patrol, Sensors/Surveillance, Law enforcement operations, Arrests, Equipment and technology | The program is designed to reduce officer use-of-force incidents and citizen complaints by providing body-worn cameras to officers in the Las Vegas (Nevada) Metropolitan Police Department. The program is rated Promising. There was a statistically significant reduction in police use-of-force and citizen complaints, and a statistically significant increase in arrests and citations for officers who wore the BWCs, compared with non-BWC control group. Date Posted: |
Randomized Controlled Trial | ||
Program Profile: Effect of Hot Spots Policing Strategies on Citizen-Officer Interactions (St. Louis, Missouri) |
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Community policing, Problem-oriented policing, Policing strategies, Law enforcement operations, Law enforcement | This intervention used two hot spots policing strategies (problem solving and directed patrol) to improve citizens’ perceptions of police in St. Louis, Mo. The program is rated No Effects. Although residents in both treatment groups reported a statistically significant increase in cooperation with the police, the preponderance of evidence suggests that the intervention had no significant impact on citizens’ perceptions of procedural justice, police legitimacy, or police abuse. Date Posted: |
Randomized Controlled Trial | ||
Program Profile: Police Body-Worn Cameras (Birmingham South, UK) |
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Sensors/Surveillance, Community policing, Law enforcement operations, Law enforcement, Arrests, Equipment and technology | Police body-worn cameras are used to record police encounters with citizens during officers’ shifts in Birmingham South. Officers were instructed to begin recording as soon as they left their vehicles and to conclude recording once the situation was resolved. The program is rated Promising. There was a statistically significant reduction in officers’ use of force and citizen injury, but no statistically significant reduction in officer injury. Date Posted: |
Randomized Controlled Trial | ||
Program Profile: Body-Worn Cameras to Reduce Use of Force by and Against Police in Eight Police Departments in the U.K. and U.S. |
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Sensors/Surveillance, Community policing, Situational crime prevention, Law enforcement operations, Equipment and technology | This is a police body-worm camera intervention that has been implemented across eight police departments in the United States and United Kingdom. The program equips officers with continuously recording body-worn cameras to record police and citizen interactions. The program is rated No Effects. There was no significant effect on police use of force, and use of cameras was associated with a statistically significant increase in assaults against officers. Date Posted: |
Randomized Controlled Trial | ||
Program Profile: School-Based Guided Self-Change |
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Schools, Juvenile health, Mental health, Substance abuse, Underage drinking, Treatment, Juvenile (under 18), Child health and welfare, Alcohol, Drugs, Legal substances | This brief, cognitive behavioral, motivational intervention was designed to address alcohol and other drug use as well as aggressive behaviors among English- and Spanish-speaking adolescents who were already involved in drugs and aggressive behavior. This program is rated No Effects. The study found no statistically significant differences in measures of substance use and aggressive behaviors between adolescents in the treatment group, compared with adolescents receiving standard care. Date Posted: |
Randomized Controlled Trial | ||
Program Profile: Cook County (Ill.) State Attorney's Deferred Prosecution Program (DPP) |
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Diversion, Sentencing, Courts | This is an alternative sentencing program aimed at diverting individuals who committed first-time nonviolent felony offenses from the criminal justice system. The program is rated No Effects. Results showed no statistically significant differences between the treatment group and comparison group on rearrests rates. Date Posted: |
None | ||
Program Profile: Police Body-Worn Cameras (Rialto, Calif.) |
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Sensors/Surveillance, Community policing, Law enforcement operations, Equipment and technology | This program equips individual police officers in Rialto, Calif., with body-worn cameras to record police encounters during shifts. The program aims to reduce use-of-force incidents and citizen complaints by increasing mutual accountability. The program is rated Promising. There was a statistically significant reduction in police use-of-force, but no statistically significant difference in citizens’ complaints. Date Posted: |
Randomized Controlled Trial | ||
Program Profile: Multisystemic Therapy for Child Abuse and Neglect (MST-CAN) |
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Mental health, Children exposed to violence, Minorities, Trauma, Treatment, Foster care/child welfare system, Youth development, Home visiting, Child health and welfare, Juvenile (under 18), Crime prevention, Crisis response | This program addresses family functioning and parental behavior to reduce child abuse, neglect, and external placement. The program is rated Promising. Compared with the control group, treatment parents and children showed statistically significant improvements in functioning, treatment parents showed significant improvements in social support, and treatment children had a lower likelihood of receiving external placement. However, there were no significant differences between groups on abuse. Date Posted: |
Randomized Controlled Trial |
Title | Evidence Rating | Topics | Summary | ||||||||||||
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Practice Profile: Police-Initiated Pedestrian Stops to Reduce Crime |
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Policing strategies, Patrol, Problem-oriented policing, Use of force, Law enforcement, Crime prevention, Law enforcement operations, Investigations, Mental health | Police-initiated pedestrian stops involve police officers’ stopping, questioning, and investigating pedestrians on the street, usually based on suspicion of criminal behavior or activity. Generally, the goal of the stops is to prevent or reduce the occurrence of crime and disorder. The practice is rated Promising for reducing measures of crime and displacement but was rated No Effects for improving measures of mental and physical health of citizens who were stopped by police. Date Posted: |
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Practice Profile: Body-Worn Cameras’ Effects on Police Officer Behavior |
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Assault, Sensors/Surveillance, Patrol, Problem-oriented policing, Law enforcement operations, Arrests, Violent crime, Crime prevention, Equipment and technology | This practice involves the use of body-worn cameras by law enforcement. The aim of this practice is to record interactions from an officer’s point of view to improve accountability and positively affect police officer behavior. The practice is rated No Effects for its effects on officer use of force, officer injuries, officer-initiated calls for service, traffic stops, field interviews, and arrest incidents. Date Posted: |
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Practice Profile: Crisis Intervention Teams (CITs) |
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Community policing, Jails, Corrections, Community corrections, Courts, Diversion, Law enforcement, Arrests | This practice comprises specialized police-led, pre-booking jail diversion responses to individuals with mental illness. The goals are to reduce police officers’ injuries and use of force, and to reduce arrests of individuals with mental illness. The practice is rated No Effects for reducing arrests of individuals with mental illness and reducing trained police officers’ use of force in situations involving mentally ill individuals. Date Posted: |
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Practice Profile: Metal Detectors and Security Screenings at Airports as a Counterterrorism Strategy |
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Counterterrorism includes strategies, policies, practices, interventions, or tactics that are designed to prevent or respond to terrorism. Target hardening at airports is an example of a defensive counterterrorism intervention that is designed to increase the detection of potential terrorism by placing metal detectors in airports and increasing security screening of passengers before they board planes. This practice is rated Promising for significantly reducing events of airplane hijackings.
Date Posted: |