Program Profile: SMART Team

This is a software program designed to teach adolescents to avoid violence. The program is rated No Effects. Students in the treatment group demonstrated a statistically significant higher level of self-awareness and higher intentions to use nonviolent strategies, as well as diminished beliefs in violence, compared with the control group students. However, there was no statistically significant difference in aggressive behavior between groups, which is the main goal of the program.

A No Effects rating implies that implementing the program is unlikely to result in the intended outcome(s) and may result in a negative outcome(s).

This program's rating is based on evidence that includes at least one high-quality randomized controlled trial.

Program Goals

SMART Team (Students Managing Anger and Resolution Together) is a multimedia software program that uses games, simulation, animation, cartoons, and interactive interviews that engage adolescents in learning new skills to resolve conflicts and avoid violence. The computer-assisted intervention allows for interactivity, flexibility, personalization, and anonymity—aspects that may appeal to the target population.

The program has three major components:

• Anger management. Animation, interactive assessment interviews, and games teach students to recognize situations that can trigger anger, as well as how to handle their anger.
• Perspective taking. Games show students anger-causing situations from the different perspectives of people involved in those situations. Interviews of celebrities and older kids are shown to demonstrate how they handle conflict.
• Dispute resolution. An interactive mediation tool guides students in generating solutions to their conflict, resulting in a printed contract.

Target Population/Program Activities

SMART Team is an eight-module, multimedia software program that teaches violence prevention concepts and methods to students in grades 6 through 9 (11 to 15 years old). The program’s content may be used in conjunction with conflict mediation curricula and other violence prevention strategies. Students can independently access modules for information, to build skills, or to resolve a conflict, eliminating the need for trained adult implementers.

Study 1

Bosworth and colleagues (2000) collected data from a middle school near a large Midwestern U.S. city in 1995. The authors described the student population as “diverse,” with 12 percent from the inner city and 20 percent living in the nearby low-income rural area. The middle school randomly placed students on one of three teams at the beginning of each year to organize their academic activities. Each grade (6th, 7th, and 8th) had three teams of 100 to 120 students. Students had little interaction with other teams throughout the school day. The intervention randomly assigned two teams from each grade to the SMART Talk condition and one team to the control condition. The lack of contact between teams, which minimized potential for contamination between treatment conditions, was one reason why researchers conducted randomization at the team level rather than the individual level.

The sample consisted of 558 students. Fifty-four percent were girls; 46 percent were boys. The group consisted of 42, 31, and 27 percent of 6th, 7th, and 8th graders, respectively. The sample was 84 percent white, 9 percent African American, 4 percent biracial, and 4 percent of other ethnicities. The sample’s family arrangements varied: 49 percent of the children lived with both parents; 20 percent lived with a parent and stepparent; 28 percent lived with a single parent; and 3 percent reported other living arrangements (foster care, living with grandparents, etc.).

The outcomes of interest were aggressive behavior, self-awareness, beliefs supportive of violence, self-efficacy, and intentions to use nonviolent strategies. Aggressive behavior was measured through a self-reported 4-item Aggression Scale and a 3-item Conflict Tactic Scale. Self-awareness, beliefs supportive of violence, self-efficacy, and intentions to use nonviolent strategies were all assessed using self-report scales. The study looked at baseline equivalency and performed repeated measures with multiple analysis of variance, with additional multivariate analysis to assess the effects of one semester of intervention. However, the analysis only featured pre- and posttests with no follow-up. The study authors did not conduct subgroup analyses.

These sources were used in the development of the program profile:

These sources were used in the development of the program profile:

Following are CrimeSolutions-rated programs that are related to this practice:

School-Based Social and Emotional Learning (SEL) Programs

Designed to foster the development of five interrelated sets of cognitive, affective, and behavioral competencies, in order to provide a foundation for better adjustment and academic performance in students, which can result in more positive social behaviors, fewer conduct problems, and less emotional distress. The practice was rated Effective in reducing students’ conduct problems and emotional stress.

Evidence Ratings for Outcomes

	Juvenile Problem & At-Risk Behaviors - Multiple juvenile problem/at-risk behaviors
	Mental Health & Behavioral Health - Internalizing behavior

Universal School-Based Social Information Processing Interventions for Aggression

School-based violence prevention interventions that target social information-processing difficulties in students, aiming to reduce the aggressive and disruptive behavior of school-aged children. The practice is rated Promising for reducing aggressive behavior in school-aged children.

Evidence Ratings for Outcomes

Juvenile Problem & At-Risk Behaviors - Aggression

Targeted School-Based Social Information-Processing Interventions for Aggression

This practice examines targeted prevention efforts for particular students that attempt to improve one or more aspects of the students’ social information processing, aiming to prevent and/or reduce aggressive or violent behavior in school-aged children. The practice is rated Effective for reducing aggressive behavior in school-aged children.

Evidence Ratings for Outcomes

Juvenile Problem & At-Risk Behaviors - Aggression

School-Based Conflict Resolution Education

This practice aims to reduce school-based conflict and encourage long-term prosocial behavior. It teaches students to understand the nature of the conflict and provides options for responding. This practice is rated Promising for multiple problem or at-risk behaviors. Student participants in the programs reported significantly fewer antisocial behaviors than students in the control group.

Evidence Ratings for Outcomes

Juvenile Problem & At-Risk Behaviors - Multiple juvenile problem/at-risk behaviors

Why might a practice's outcome ratings differ from the ratings of specific programs encompassed by that practice?