Study
Ortega-Barón and colleagues (2019) used a repeated-measures (pretest and posttest) quasi-experimental design to examine the effects of Prev@cib on bullying and cyberbullying perpetration and victimization in an adolescent sample. The sample comprised 660 adolescents from four high schools in Valencia, Spain. These schools were selected through nonprobability convenience sampling based on their accessibility and interest in participating. Slightly more than half of the sample (53.2 percent) was female, and the ages ranged between 12 and 17, with an average age of 13.6 years. Almost 29 percent of students were in seventh grade, 32 percent were in eighth grade, 21.5 percent were in ninth grade, and 17.5 percent were in 10th grade. The study researchers randomly assigned the adolescents to one of two groups: 1) the experimental group, which received the Prev@cib program during homeroom periods; or 2) the control group, which did not receive the program. There were 434 students (24 classes) that participated in the experimental group, and 236 students (11 classes) in the control group. The average number of students per class was 23. No statistically significant differences were found between experimental and control participants in terms of age, gender, and grade in school.
Adolescents in both the experimental and control groups completed a number of instruments to evaluate the short-term effects of the program, at both pretest (the month before the intervention), and posttest (9 months after the intervention). Participants completed the 12-item Scale of Peer Victimization at School that evaluates the degree of victimization at school within the past school year, such as “A classmate hit or punched me.” Responses were given on a Likert-type scale (never, only once, a few times in the past month, many times in the past month, and this happens to me quite often). Participants also completed the 12-item Scale of School Aggression to evaluate aggressive behaviors toward peers in the school context within the past 12 months (i.e., “I am someone who hits, kicks, and punches others.”), with response options also on a Likert-type scale (never, seldom, sometimes, often, and always). To explore the victim perspective, researchers administered the Scale of Victimization through the Cell Phone and Internet using 15 items that measure the adolescent’s experience as a victim of cyberbullying within the past 12 months (e.g., “I have been insulted or ridiculed through social networks, Internet, or cell phone”). This scale was used to measure cybernetic behaviors of harassment, persecution, belittlement, invasion of privacy, social exclusion, and identity theft. Responses were captured on a Likert-type scale with five response options (never, seldom, sometimes, often, quite often). Finally, the 15-item Scale of Aggression through the Cell phone and Internet measured cybernetic behaviors of harassment, persecution, belittlement, invasion of privacy, social exclusion, and identity theft from the aggressor’s perspective. This scale measures the frequency with which the respondent has participated in aggressive behaviors through new technologies within the past 12 months (e.g., “I have insulted or made fun of someone through social networks, Internet, or cell phone”). This Likert-type scale had five response options: never, seldom, sometimes, often, and a lot. The definitions of bullying and cyberbullying were provided to participants in advance for all scales.
Several 2 x 2 mixed factorial ANOVAs were used, with a between-subjects factor (experimental group and control group) and a within-subjects factor (pretest and posttest) to evaluate the effects of the program on each of the study variables. The study authors did not conduct subgroup analyses.