Program Profile: Minneapolis Center for Victim-Offender Mediation

This is a restorative justice program that provides juveniles who have been convicted of an offense and their victims the opportunity to meet face to face in the presence of a mediator to discuss the offense. The program is rated Promising. Individuals in the program were statistically significantly more likely to complete their restitution obligation. There was a statistically significant impact on victim satisfaction with the justice system, but there was no statistically significant impact on

A Promising rating implies that implementing the program may result in the intended outcome(s).

Program Goals

The Minneapolis Center for Victim–Offender Mediation was established in 1985 by the Minnesota Citizens Council on Crime and Justice. The Center is based upon the larger framework of restorative justice, which allows victims to come face-to-face with the person who committed a crime against them in the presence of a mediator. The main objective of the Center is to empower the victims as they search for closure, stress to the person who committed the crime the harm they caused, and compensate victims for the crime they experienced by making them pay restitution.

Program Theory

Victim–offender mediation is a subset of the restorative justice framework. Both victim–offender mediation and restorative justice are based on the idea that crime is more than an offense against the state; crime is also an offense against a person, and therefore parties involved in the offense should be brought together to discuss the offense, its consequences, and establish a plan for the future. Restorative justice holds the belief that empowering victims as they seek answers and closure, as well as having the person who committed the offense take responsibility for their actions, is more important than harsh punishments for the offense. Such an approach does not solely focus on a victim’s loss or an individual’s guilt. Instead, it seeks to benefit both parties as it focuses on a problem-solving plan for the future that allows the victim to feel a sense of closure and receive compensation, while also allowing the person who committed the offense to understand the harm caused and learn how to be a law-abiding citizen in the future (Umbreit and Coates 1993; Umbreit, Coates, and Roberts 2000).

Program Components

The Minneapolis Center for Victim–Offender Mediation is one of the first victim–offender mediation programs operating in such a large jurisdiction (it operates in Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minn.). The Center is operated by private, non-profit community based organizations that work closely with the juvenile court. The majority of mediation cases are referred by the juvenile court and probation staff, with a small number of referrals coming from the prosecuting attorney or police. The program operates as a diversion program for juveniles, as well as a program following adjudication of the juvenile who committed the offense. Mediators receive approximately 20–25 hours of training to function as a mediator.

The program operates with a four-phase process: intake, preparation for mediator, mediation, and follow-up. The intake phase involves the referral of juveniles from courts in Hennepin and Ramsey counties to the Minneapolis Center for Victim–Offender Mediation. During this phase, each case is assigned to a specific mediator who has received the 25 hours of initial training. The preparation phase involves the mediator meeting separately with both parties to hear their versions of the offense story independently, while also explaining the procedures of the program and finalizing a date for the mediation to take place. The mediation session, which typically lasts an hour, begins with a discussion of the facts and feelings surrounding the crime. Mediation creates an open environment where both parties are brought together and barriers to communication or various stereotypes are broken. Following the initial discussion of the crime, a restitution agreement is reached between both parties. Finally, the follow-up phase includes ensuring that the restitution agreement is followed, as well as scheduling additional mediation sessions if needed.

Target Population

During the initial year of the program, only juvenile burglary cases in which a plea of guilty had been accepted by the court—yet prior to a disposition hearing—were accepted. However, due to these referral limitations, only a small number of cases were referred to the program. As a result, the program was changed to accept any property offenses or minor assaults that were committed by a juvenile. Additionally, referrals are accepted at any point in the juvenile justice process.

Study 1

As part of a cross-site evaluation of victim–offender mediation programs, the Minneapolis Center for Victim–Offender Mediation, along with three other victim–offender mediation programs, was evaluated by Umbreit and Coates (1992) to investigate the effectiveness of victim–offender mediation programs in terms of the mediation process and outcomes, client satisfaction, perceptions of fairness, restitution completion, and recidivism. The Center was chosen for a multitude of reasons, including its regional and program development diversity, its similarity to the other sites selected, and the permission granted by the director to access the records of those in the study group as well as contact the subjects.

A quasi-experimental design was employed in this study. All individuals that were referred to the Minneapolis Center for Victim–Offender Mediation between 1990 and 1991 were eligible to participate in the study. Of the 658 juveniles referred during this 2-year period, 81 participated in the study. Of the 633 victims referred during this 2-year period, 96 participated. Taken together the participants and victims made up the experimental group. Two comparison groups were used in this study. The first comparison group consisted of people and their victims who were referred to the Center, but declined participation, known as “referred but no mediation.” The study authors noted that no significant differences were found between the offenders and victims that chose to participate in the study and those who declined participation. The second comparison group was comprised of a sample of similar individuals and their victims from the same jurisdiction that were not referred to the mediation process, known as “non-referral to mediation.” The study authors noted that those in the second comparison group were matched on age, sex, race, and offense variables with those in the experimental group. The CrimeSolutions review of this study focused on the difference between the experimental group and the “nonreferral to mediation” comparison group.

Between 1990 and 1991, 658 juveniles and 633 individual victims were referred to the Minneapolis Center for Victim–Offender Mediation. The ages ranged from 10–18, with an average age of 15. The majority of participants were male, comprising of 85 percent of the sample. Furthermore, 70 percent of the sample was white, 23 percent Black, 2 percent Hispanic and 5 percent was comprised of other minorities. Of the 903 referrals over the 2-year study period, 72 percent were diversionary, or pre-adjudication, referrals. Of the offenses, 89 percent were property-related, and 11 percent were offenses against the person. The most common property offense was vandalism, and the most common violent offense was assault.

To investigate the effectiveness of the Minneapolis Center for Victim–Offender Mediation, both quantitative and qualitative research techniques were used in this study. Interviews were conducted prior to and following the mediation. All pre-mediation interviews and all interviews with the comparison groups were conducted over the phone. Almost all post-mediation interviews with the experimental group were conducted in person, lasting approximately 45 to 60 minutes. Quantitative research techniques were used when investigating program cost issues, recidivism, and restitution completion rates. Using both research techniques, the following outcomes were investigated: recidivism, restitution completion, victim satisfaction, and offender satisfaction. No subgroup analyses were conducted.

The process for mediation requires considerable work on the part of the mediator, the person who committed the offense, and the victim. Staff as well as volunteers serve as mediators for the Minneapolis Center for Victim–Offender Mediation. Prior to mediation, each mediator receives approximately 20–25 hours of mediation skills and program procedure training (Umbreit and Coates 1992).

These sources were used in the development of the program profile:

These sources were used in the development of the program profile:

Following are CrimeSolutions-rated programs that are related to this practice:

Juvenile Diversion Programs

An intervention strategy that redirects youths away from formal processing in the juvenile justice system, while still holding them accountable for their actions. The practice is rated Promising for reducing recidivism rates of juveniles who participated in diversion programming compared with juveniles who were formally processed in the justice system.

Evidence Ratings for Outcomes

Crime & Delinquency - Multiple crime/offense types

Restorative Justice Programs for Juveniles

Restorative justice programs aim to repair the harm to the victim, decrease recidivism, and improve perceptions of fairness and satisfaction with the process. The practice is rated Promising for reducing juveniles’ recidivism rates, increasing victims’ perceptions of fairness, and increasing juveniles’ completion of restitution and reparation. It is rated No Effects for juveniles’ recognition of wrongdoing or remorse, and satisfaction of the victim or young person committing the offense.

Evidence Ratings for Outcomes

	Crime & Delinquency - Multiple crime/offense types
	Attitudes & Beliefs - Victims’ perceptions of fairness
	Justice Systems or Processes - Compliance with restitution/fines/payments
	Justice Systems or Processes - Reparations by offending individual
	Attitudes & Beliefs - Offender satisfaction
	Attitudes & Beliefs - Victim satisfaction
	Attitudes & Beliefs - Remorse
	Attitudes & Beliefs - Recognition of wrongdoing

Why might a practice's outcome ratings differ from the ratings of specific programs encompassed by that practice?