Program Profile: Prime Time

Study Title: Prime Time: 18-Month Violence Outcomes of a Clinic-Linked Intervention (which is associated with Outcome 1, Outcome 2, Outcome 3, Outcome 4, Outcome 5, and Outcome 7)

Sieving and colleagues (2014) evaluated Prime Time using the same sample and methods described in Study 1 (Sieving et al. 2013). Out of the 253 girls who completed the pretest surveys, 239 (94.5 percent) completed the survey again 18 months later.

The primary outcomes of interest included aggressive and violent behaviors (measured as relational aggression perpetration and victimization, and physical violence perpetration and victimization); and related psychosocial and behavioral outcomes (including measures of family connectedness, school connectedness, fight avoidance skills, stress- management skills, and rates of suspensions and expulsions). Each 18-month outcome was regressed on participation in Prime Time (intervention versus control), controlling for the baseline measure of the outcome. No subgroup analyses were conducted. 

Citation: Sieving, Renee E., Barbara J. McMorris, Molly Secor-Turner, Ann W. Garwick, Rebecca Shalfer, Kara J., Beckman, Sandra L. Pettingell, Jennifer A. Oliphant, and Ann M. Seppelt. 2014. "Prime Time: 18-Month Violence Outcomes of a Clinic-Linked Intervention." Journal of Prevention Science 15:460–72.

Study Title: Prime Time: Sexual Health Outcomes at 24 Months for a Clinic-Linked Intervention to Prevent Pregnancy Risk Behaviors (which is associated with Outcome 6)

Sieving and colleagues (2013) used a randomized controlled trial to evaluate outcomes 6 months after completion of the Prime Time intervention. The sample consisted of sexually active girls between the ages of 13 and 17 who met at least one of the following criteria: a clinic visit showing they were not pregnant; a visit requiring treatment for sexually transmitted infection; young age (13 or 14 years); aggressive and violent behaviors; sexual risk behaviors; and behaviors indicating disconnection from school. Girls who were unable to understand the consent materials, were married or pregnant, or who had already given birth were not eligible for the study.

For 6 months, between April 2007 and October 2008, trained study staff at four community and school-based primary care clinics screened 1,434 girls, of whom 571 were sexually active girls who met at least one of the risk criteria. These girls were invited to participate in the study. Invited girls then had to complete two visits at the clinic in order to enroll, in an effort to minimize study attrition. Following randomization, 126 girls were assigned to the intervention condition and 127 girls were assigned to the control condition. Out of the 253 girls who completed the pretest survey, 236 (93.3 percent) completed the follow-up survey 24 months later. At baseline and again 24 months later (following 18 months of the intervention), all participants completed an audio computer-assisted self-interview. The average age of the intervention and control groups was 15 years. In terms of race/ethnicity, the largest percentages of both groups were Black/African/African American (44 percent of the intervention group versus 38 percent of the control group), and mixed/multiple race/ethnicity (19 percent of the intervention group versus 23 percent of the control group); followed by Hispanic/Latina (16.7 percent versus 7.9 percent), white/European American (6.3 percent versus 15.7 percent), and American Indian/Native American (3.2 percent versus 2.4 percent). At baseline, the groups were not significantly different on demographic characteristics.

The outcomes of interest included consistency of contraceptive use (with a most recent sexual partner) and the number of male sex partners in the past 6 months. The study also looked at a number of psychosocial outcomes, such as social–emotional skills (stress management and interpersonal skills), social connectedness (to school and family), and sexual efficacy and skills (sexual refusal self-efficacy and sexual risk communication with partner). The authors used an intent-to-treat approach in which participants' data was analyzed based on the group in which they were randomized, regardless of their level of participation, and generalized estimating equations to evaluate the effects of the intervention. Each 24-month outcome (6 months following completion of the intervention) was regressed on participation in Prime Time (intervention versus control), controlling for the baseline measure of the outcome. No subgroup analyses were conducted. 

Citation: Sieving, Renee E., Annie-Laurie McRee, Barbara J. McMorris, Kara J. Beckman, Sandra L. Pettingell, Linda Bearinger, Ann W. Garwick, Jennifer A. Oliphant, Shari Plowman, Michael D. Resnick, and Molly Secor-Turner. 2013. "Prime Time: Sexual Health Outcomes at 24 Months for a Clinic-Linked Intervention to Prevent Pregnancy Risk Behaviors." JAMA Pediatric 167(4):333–40.